A buen juez mejor testigo
Zorrilla, 1838.
Zorrilla, 1838.
Cornejo
Parodi: "supuesta pieza dramática breve que contendría algunos versos del Molinero y habría seguido representándose hasta 1972. La sintaxis, el léxico y la prosodia del título estimulan una asociación con la leyenda A buen juez mejor testigo. Tradición de Toledo (1838), poema del dramaturgo y poeta romántico español José Zorrilla (1817−1893)" (442).
essay by English writer and caricaturist Max Beerbohm (1872-1956) first published in 1894 in the journal The Yellow Book and later included in The Works of Max Beerbohm (1896)
ensayo del escritor y caricaturista inglés Max Beerbohm (1872-1956) publicado por primera vez en 1894 en el diario The Yellow Book y luego incluído en The Works of Max Beerbohm (1896)
Bustos Domecq
Parodi: "'Vanitas, Los Adelantos del Progreso, La Patria Azul y Blanca, A Ella, Nocturnos': títulos de algunas composiciones de Bustos Domecq supuestamente publicadas en diarios de Rosario en 1907, cuando apenas tenía catorce años. El empleo del término ‘composiciones’, que en el ámbito escolar designa un escrito en que el alumno desarrolla un tema en general elegido por el maestro, insinúa que estas obras de Bustos son redacciones escolares, muy probablemente realizadas bajo la dirección de la señorita Badoglio" (16).
Zorrilla, 1888.
poem by Rubén Darío, published in El canto errante, 1907
poema de Rubén Darío, publicado en El canto errante, 1907
Lenormand play, 1924
obra de Lenormand, 1924
Góngora poem
poema de Góngora
Quevedo sonnet
soneto de Quevedo
line from a children's song about a pirate
línea de una canción infantil acerca de un pirata
Zorrilla, 1837.
Proust novel, 1913-1927
novela de Proust, 1913-1927
Hölderlin poem
poema de Hölderlin
Lugones poem in Odas seculares, 1910
poema de Lugones en Odas seculares, 1910
Lugones poem in Odas seculares
poema de Lugones en Odas seculares, 1910
Lugones poem in Odas seculares
poema de Lugones en Odas seculares, 1910
Shakespeare poem
poema de Shakespeare
Pound's first book of poems, 1908
primer poemario de Pound, 1908
Unamuno poem
poema de Unamuno
Unamuno poem
poema de Unamuno
supposed tango
supuesto tango
Parodi: "compuesto en 1908 por el violinista Antonino Cipolla, nacido en Italia en 1889. El título del tango es en este pasaje de Modelo una manera indirecta de aludir a la tradición judía de no comer cerdo" (209-10).
Wells novel, 1937
novela de Wells, 1937
poem by Rubén Darío
poema de Rubén Darío
Lugones poem
poema de Lugones
poem from Ildefonso Pereda’s book Música y acero
poema del libro Música y acero, de Ildefonso Pereda
Valery Larbaud novel, 1913
ancient city in Germany where Charlemagne is buried, known in French as Aix-la-Chapelle
river in Switzerland, here spelled Aar
in the Bible, high priest of the Hebrews, brother of Moses
rabbi
family mentioned in Bustos Domecq story
Portuguese rabbi, philosopher and statesman, 1437-1508, father of León Hebreo
shopkeeper in Gualeguaychu, in Borges story
family mentioned in Bustos Domecq story
James novella
market in Buenos Aires, and the surrounding neighborhood
Parodi: "'el Mercado de Abasto': ubicado en el barrio de Balvanera, sobre la Avenida Corrientes, a pocas cuadras de la Plaza Once, el Mercado Proveedor −más tarde llamado Mercado de Abasto de Buenos Aires− fue el mayor mercado de frutas, verduras y carnes de la ciudad. Inaugurado en 1893, ocupó un edificio inspirado en el de Les Halles de París, construido en hierro y vidrio. Cerró en 1984 y fue reabierto en 1998 transformado en un centro comercial. Desde sus orígenes, la presencia del Mercado dio gran actividad a la zona, con la apertura de comercios, fondas, bodegones, hoteles, cafés, cines y teatros" (47).
Parodi: "supuesto club de fútbol afincado en el barrio de Abasto (cf. “Doce” I §29)" (321).
family mentioned in Bustos Domecq story
family mentioned in Bustos Domecq story
Dynasty of caliphs from 750 to 1258.
Fishburn and Hughes: "An Islamic dynasty that lasted from 750 to 1258; its eighth Caliph was Al-Mu'tasim Ibn Harun (794-842). In 762 the Caliph Mansur transferred the capital from Damascus to Baghdad, a move that marked the rise of Arab over Persian influence in Islam." (1)
family mentioned in Bustos Domecq story
Irish national theater in Dublin, associated with Lady Gregory and Yeats
village in Staffordshire, England
book by Claude Bragdon
Russell, 1923
Chaucer Poem, "An ABC (The Prayer of Our Lady)." The poem ibegins with the Latin phrase "Incipit carmen secundum ordinem litterarum alphabeti," and then consists of octaves that start with each letter of the alphbet.
character in Bustos Domecq story
Parodi: "El nombre del druso coincide con el del médico, matemático, filósofo y poeta árabe andaluz Abu Bequer ben Abd−el−Melek ben Thofail, más conocido por Iben Thofail, Abentofail o Abubacer (ca. 1110−1185). Fue secretario del gobernador de Granada y posteriormente médico del sultán Abu Yacub Yusuf, que atrajo a su corte a los sabios más eminentes; en 1182, Abentofail fue sucedido en su cargo de médico por Averroes. Autor de libros sobre astronomía y medicina, sólo se ha conservado su obra El filósofo autodidacto, traducida al castellano en 1900" (48).
Caliph, 646-705, and ruling family in eleventh-century Spain.
Fishburn and Hughes: "The ruling family in eleventh-century Muslim Spain." (1)
ancient Greek city in Thrace
son of the king of Fez who besieged Gibraltar from 1331 to 1333 and reconquered it for the Moors. (Mentioned in Bustos Domecq story.)
Parodi: "supuesto gobernador de Marrakech, a quien el barón Grandvilliers habría intentado envenenar" (350).
protagonist of a tale in the Arabian Nights
character in Borges-Bioy filmscript
Abd al-Rahman the First, Umayyad ruler in Spain, fl. 750-88, author of a poem on the palm tree.
Fishburn and Hughes: "Abd ar-Rahman I, known as 'the Immigrant', was the first Umayyad Caliph in Spain. Forced to flee from Damascus when the Abbasids overthrew the Umayyad Caliphate, he made his way to Spain, where he deposed the Muslim ruler, proclaimed himself Emir and established an independent Umayyad Emirate. He established his capital in Cordoba, and began the construction of its great Mosque. Abdurrahman is said to have written verses full of nostalgia for his native land. The traditional classical style he adopted persisted in the poetry of Al-Andalus." (1)
Argentine scholar, 1859-1949, author of works on medicine, law, education and language, including the Idioma nacional de los argentinos, 1900, and a Latin grammar
son of Adam and Eve in the Bible, killed by his brother Cain
French philosopher and theologian, 1079-1142
character in Collins
Ibn Abbas, Moslem traditionalist theologian, cousin of Mohammed
Hajj Abu Abdullah Muhammad Ibn Battuta, or Ibn Battuta, also known as Shams ad–Din, Islamic scholar and traveller, 1304-1369
ibn Chozai, Abulcasim Mohammed ben Ahmed ben Chozai Alquelbi, Andaluzian writer, d. 1340
Andanzas en el atardecer, poem by Augusto Stramm, 1914
theologian
Fishburn and Hughes: "A Jewish scholar, philosopher and poet best known for his penetrating biblical commentaries based on grammatical principles. He is reputed to have been the first biblical scholar to distinguish reason from faith, and is also remembered for some liturgical poems."(96)
See Gabirol, Aben
character in Borges story.
Fishburn and Hughes: "A fictitious name, reminiscent of Muhammad Ben Ismail Al-Bukhari (810-870), a compiler of Arabic traditions." (5)
Borges story in El Aleph
Abu Zaid ibn Mahommed ibn Khaldun, Arabic historian, born at Tunis, 1332-1406, author of a universal history
Fishburn and Hughes: "A fourteenth-century Arab historian, the descendant of a politically influential Seville family who migrated to Tunis. Ibn Khaldun is regarded as the first Arab historiographer. His bestknown works are The History of Muslim North Africa and Mukaddima (1375-9). The latter deals with 'all branches of Arab science and culture' and is said to be unexcelled in the Arab world for its insight and clarity. The words quoted stem from the Mukkaddima." (96)
character in Bustos Domecq story
Parodi: "el nombre del personaje de 'Doce' coincide con el de un célebre historiador, sociólogo, filósofo, economista, demógrafo y estadista bereber del norte de África, Ibn Jaldún o Ibn Khaldoun (1332−1406), conocido en el ámbito hispánico como Abenjaldún. Es autor del Libro de la evidencia, un tratado en el que compendia la historia de la humanidad hasta sus días, deteniéndose en temas de economía, conflictos sociales, creencias religiosas, modos de vida, civilización y gobierno. Además de Abenjaldún, otros protagonistas drusos del cuento llevan nombres que concuerdan con los de personajes históricos o bien que corresponden a nombres árabes de amplia difusión" (40).
Ibn Sidah the Andalusian, Spanish lexicographer, c.1006-1066, author of the Mohkam.
Fishburn and Hughes: "An Arab philologist and man of letters remembered for his Kitab-al-Mukham. There is some similarity between him and Borges: he was blind, and studied with his father, who was also blind." (1)
Grimmelshausen picaresque novel, 1668, first of four novels about Simplicius Simplicissimus
Ibn Tufail, Spanish-Arabic novelist, 1100-85, author of the philosophical romance Hayy ibn Yaqzan, "The Living One, Son of the Waking One"
English poet, 1881-1938
city in Scotland
Abyssinia, ancient name for Ethiopia
character in Collins
Spanish rabbi, 1098-c.1167.
Fishburn and Hughes: "Judeo-Spanish poet and philosopher, born in Tudela when Andalusia was under Moslem rule. Known as "Admirable", he was much admired in his lifetime for his widespread learning and scholarly commentaries on the Old Testament. He also wrote religious and secular poetry in Hebrew." (1)
town on the Mediterranean coast of Egypt, site of battle in 1798 in which English defeated the French.
Fishburn and Hughes: "The scene of the battle of the Nile (1-2 August 1798), in which the English fleet under Nelson defeated the French." (1)
Walpole, 1931
river in the Luján delta area of El Tigre
Jewish statesman, philosopher, theologian and commentator, 1437-1508
Biblical patriarch, sometimes Abram
prince in Celtic legend
Childhood friend of Borges in Geneva, later a lawyer and political figure, 1901-81.
Fishburn and Hughes: "A Jewish lawyer, writer and poet whom Borges met in the College of Geneva in 1914 and with whom he formed a lifelong friendship. During his stay in Spain, Borges frequently wrote to Abramowicz on literary matters. Borges once told the authors that he had written 'The Unworthy Friend' as a memento of Abramowicz and an expression of his feelings of unworthiness towards him." (1-2)
Parodi: "el supuesto divul-gador de una información reservada lleva el mismo nombre que un condis-cípulo y amigo de Borges en Ginebra. En Borges 978, recuerda Bioy: “Aña-dimos un párrafo al cuento, que titulamos “Homenaje a César Paladión”. Por mi sugerencia cambiamos a Raymond Roussel, como confidente de Pa-ladión, por Abramowicz, amigo de Borges en Ginebra.” En “Goliadkin” es mencionado como ‘el padre Abramowicz’; cf. I §20" (257).
Parodi: "el apellido de este sacerdote, aquí confesor de la Princesa Fiodorovna, coincide con el de Maurice Abramowicz (1901−1981), abogado y político suizo de origen polaco, condiscípulo de Borges durante los años en que residió en Ginebra (1914−1917) y asistió al Collège Calvin. Mencionado también en Crónicas (“Paladión”). Para la ocupación atribuida a Abramowicz, cf. “Doce” i §4" (60).
family
emanations of divine spirit, according to Basilidian Gnostics
Linde article
Vilaseco poem, 1901
Parodi: "supuesto poema de Vilaseco influido por Guido Spano (cf. infra), Núñez de Arce (cf. infra) y Elías Regules (cf. infra). El título del poema recuerda el del primer libro de Rubén Darío, Abrojos, publicado en Chile en 1887" (310).
in the Bible, a son of David
Faulkner novel, 1936
fish in Egyptian mythology
Spanish traveller and writer born in Tolosa (1059-1126). Author of Siradj-el-Moluk.
mentioned in Margaret Smith's The Persian Mystics
Syrian translator of Aristotle, c. 870-940
Fishburn and Hughes: "A Syrian translator of Aristotle. According to Renan, Averroes based his work on Aristotle partly on this translation." (2)
character in Bustos Domecq story, owner of taxi cabs
Parodi: "el nombre de este personaje coincide con los de varias figuras históricas y literarias: poetas, sultanes, pensadores religiosos, gobernantes de la España árabe, también con el de un personaje de las Mil y una noches" (43).
Abu'l-Baka Salih ar-Rundi, Arabic poet who may have influenced Jorge Manrique
character in Borges story about Averroes.
Fishburn and Hughes: "Perhaps an allusion to Aboul-Hosein Ibn Djohein who, according to Renan, reproached Averroes for straying from his faith." (2)
12th century poet
Abu-l-Fida Isma'il ibn 'Ali 'Imad-ud-Dni, Arabian historian and geographer, 1273-1331
Fishburn and Hughes: "The name commonly given to the Arab geographer and historian Abu al-Fida. Abulfeda's two major works, History of Mankind and Location of the Countries, were much used by orientalists in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries." (2)
character in the Arabian Nights
Jack London, novel, 1913.
the Argentine literary academy, to which Borges was admitted in 1962
Parodi: "Miguel de Torre comenta: 'Cuando aceptó ser académico de letras (recién sería incorporado en 1962, cuando resultaba escandaloso que el escritor más conocido no perteneciera todavía a la corporación), yo me escandalicé. Si siempre había sido el más talentoso e independiente hombre de letras, el enorme burlón de toda solemnidad −yo lo veneraba como a un Arlt, aunque de la especie cultivada, naturalmente−, ¿por qué ahora −como él me decía con sorna de buena parte de sus pares− se mezclaba con 'vagos señores de los que nadie podría citar siquiera el título de sus libros', con figurones que ya Bustos Domecq había ridiculizado para siempre en el personaje del doctor Gervasio Montenegro? […] Pero las sesiones de la Academia, aunque le parecían tediosas, lo mantenían ocupado por unas horas... y eran una fuente inagotable para sus parodias y sarcasmos' (249)" (32).
Academie Française, academy of the French language, founded in 1635
Academie Goncourt, a literary society founded by the will of Edmond de Goncourt, began to function in 1903
mentioned by Suárez Lynch
Parodi: "academia apócrifa que supuestamente llevaría el nombre del teólogo y filósofo danés Søren Kierkegaard (1813-1855)" (217).
A lay educational institution for the wealthy society of Buenos Aires.
dance academy in Montevideo, discussed by Vicente Rossi in Cosas de negros
Swedish Academy, selects the winner of the Nobel Prize for Literature
Text written by Vicente Rossi.
Cicero treatises on education, of which only part of the second survives, also known as the Lucullus.
Fishburn and Hughes: "Otherwise known as the Lucullus, after its main speaker. The first draft of the Academica was in two books. It was later recast in four, of which we possess part of the first (Academica posteriora) and the Lucullus. In it Cicero examines the question of the certainty of knowledge, supplying Latin terminology for Greek philosophical ideas. He tends to favour the Stoics, blaming the Epicureans for many failings, not least 'their neglect of literary style'. CF 202: two passages in the Academica priora concern the possibility that people and eventsmay be repeated across the universe. In the first Lucullus opposes Catullus's theory that 'in this world there exists a second Catullus, or indeed in countless other worlds there exist countless copies of him' (ch. 17, para. 5). In the second passage alluded to in the story, Cicero mocks Lucullus' idea that 'just as we are at this moment close to Bauli ... so there are countless persons in exactly similar places with our names, our honours, our achievements, our minds, our shapes, our ages, discussing the same subject' (ch. 40, para. 125)." (2)
street in Buenos Aires
Parodi: "Acassuso es una localidad del partido de San Isidro, en el Gran Buenos Aires (cf. supra 'A manera de Prólogo' §7). ‘El ruso senza caperuzza’ hace alusión a Fingermann, judío y circuncidado, es decir, sin prepucio, sin capucha. El enunciado −un ejemplo de ‘cocoliche− ’mezcla palabras en castellano, en italiano (senza) y un híbrido del castellano ‘caperuza’ provisto de una doble consonante que supuestamente lo italianizaría. Para cocoliche, cf. 'Doce' i §5" (240).
city in Greece, site of naval battle in 31 B.C.
Lugones political essays
Book of poems by Jean Giono
Parodi: "primer poemario de Giono, publicado en 1924, un conjunto de poemas bucólicos en prosa inspirados en Platón y Virgilio" (76).
Lane book, 1836
character in Borges
Borges story-essay, a review of Mir Bahadur Ali's Approach to Al-Mu'tasim
family
Fishburn and Hughes: "Azevedo (also Acevedo) An alternative spelling of Borges's family surname on his mother's side, Acevedo. Its Sephardic associations have suggested that Borges had Jewish ancestry, something that he has ambiguously both 'regretfully denied' and acknowledged (Emir Rodríguez Monegal, Jorge Luis Borges: A Literary Biography, NY 1978, 12-13). Daniel Simón Azevedo is a pivotal character in Death and the Compass. A Biography of Tadeo Isidoro Cruz (1829-1874): Francisco Xavier Acevedo was a relative of Borges. The Encounter: the owner of the house in which the story is set was called Acevedo, or Acebal." (20)
Borges's mother, 1876-1975
Uruguayan writer, 1851-1919, author of Brenda, Ismael and Nativa.
Argentinian writer, 1882-1959
Fishburn and Hughes: "An Argentine writer and jurist. In 1941 he won the Premio Nacional for his novel Cancha Larga; Borges's own entry, The Garden of Forking Paths, won second prize. The surname is used is for several fictional characters." (2)
character in Borges story
Borges's maternal grandfather (1835-1905)
Catalan merchant who came to Buenos Aires in 1728
Argentine military officer, 1799-1841
woman mentioned in the Book of Revelation, daughter of Sophia, important in Gnostic thought and theosophy
F. O. Matthiessen book, 1947
pharmacist in Bustos Domecq story
Parodi: "la farmacia de la familia Achinelli estaba ubicada en Vicente López 1701, esquina Rodríguez Peña, a dos cuadras de la Avenida Quintana, en el barrio de Recoleta. Bioy y Borges fueron vecinos de la zona; cf. 'Ojo' §2" (393).
highest mountain in South America, near Mendoza, Argentina, and Santiago, Chile
Parodi: "el nacionalista Ubalde elige como término de comparación con el Dent de Chat al cerro Aconcagua, el más alto de la cordillera de los Andes (6962 metros), situado en la provincia de Mendoza" (346).
Mir y Baralt, 1934
Parodi: “Acopio de pullas y de gracejos (Madrid, 1934) de don Julio Mir y Baralt”: supuesta obra en la que se registraría una situación crítica vivida por el Molinero. En Borges 216, una nota al pie, Daniel Martino puntualiza: “En “Deslindando responsabilidades” (1977), Borges y Bioy mencionan a un tal Julio Mir y Baralt, cuyo nombre es una portmanteau word tomada de Julio Cejador y Frauca, Juan Mir y Rafael María Baralt.” De los nombres que se fusionan en el de este supuesto autor, Julio Cejador y Frauca es mencionado en Seis problemas (cf. “Sangiácomo” iv §7). Juan Mir y Noguera (1840-1917), fue un jesuita español que dedicó sus mayores esfuerzos a la tarea de mantener la pureza de la lengua liberándola de galicismos. En su Prontuario de hispanismos y barbarismos (1908) y su Rebusco de voces castizas (1907) recopiló de todos los clásicos castellanos las locuciones, modismos, formas adverbiales y prepositivas; sobre la base de esa selección estableció la dicción y casticidad de una palabra o frase; completó los diversos capítulos del Prontuario con un catálogo de escritores incorrectos, acompañando cada ejemplo con una cita. En Borges 1044, apunta Bioy: “Hablamos del padre Mir, de sus Rebuscos −todas las palabras le parecían pocas− y reconocemos que ellos también, Mir, Baralt, etcétera, recomendaban el procedimiento de la huida: terror al galicismo, prevención contra cualquier barbarismo. No por lo tanto, sino por tanto; no en el futuro sino en lo futuro, no de inmediato, no constatar, etcétera (ad nauseam).” En Descanso 299, en el apartado sobre “los libros que más asiduamente manejaba en mis albores de escritor”, menciona Bioy Prontuario de hispanismo y barbarismo [sic], del padre Mir.” Rafael María Baralt (1810−1860) fue poeta, abogado, ingeniero, filólogo, crítico literario y político venezolano. Su obra más célebre, Resumen de la historia antigua y moderna de Venezuela, el primer ensayo de su género escrito en Venezuela, fue publicada en París en 1841. Trabajó en la elaboración de un Diccionario crítico−etimológico de la lengua castellana que quedó inconcluso y de un Diccionario matriz de la lengua castellana (1850), un proyecto monumental que pretendía ser el inventario general de la lengua española y del que sólo se editó un “Prospecto”. Su último trabajo como lingüista fue el célebre Diccionario de galicismos ó sea de las voces, locuciones y frases de la lengua francesa que se han introducido en el habla castellana moderna, con el juicio crítico de las que deben adoptarse, y la equivalencia castiza de las que no se hallan en este caso (1855), el primer diccionario de este tipo del idioma español. Desde 1843 vivió en España donde colaboró en diversas publicaciones y dirigió la Gaceta de la Corona; fue el primer latinoamericano elegido para ocupar una silla en la Real Academia. Para el apellido ‘Baralt’ en Bustos Domecq, cf. Crónicas “Prólogo” §4.
Eisenstein film about the revolt on the battleship Potemkin, 1925
Frost
port city in Israel with famous Crusader fort
in Athens
Edgar Lee Masters's autobiography, 1936
Hemingway, 1950
Kipling's book, 1909.
Alberto Hidalgo book, 1933
Peyrou’s novel, 1963.
character in the Iliad
Aquarius in Greek mythology and in zodiac
Bonavena
Uruguayan poet, 1790-1862
Argentine poet and journalist, author of a collection of poems in 1955
original man according to the Kabbalah
German historian and geographer, c.1045-1076, author of Historia Hammaburgensis Ecclesiae, of which the Libellus is the fourth book
Yeats poem in In the Seven Woods, 1904
French writer, 1899-1980, author of Le Secret de l'aventure vénétienne and of a history of French literature and editor of Rimbaud
giant from Los Lusiadas
British poet, 1898-?, scholar of Middle English poetry and translator of Jacques Maritain
Adam, first man in Bible
Fishburn and Hughes: "In the Biblical account, the first man. The story of Adam's creation is related twice in Genesis: first, as part of the general creation of the world, in 1:26-31, and later in more detail at 2:7: 'And the Lord God formed man of the dust of the ground and breathed into his nostrils the breath of life; and man became a living soul.' The reference to 'red Adam' can be explained by its Hebrew etymology, in which Adam means both man and red. Gnostic theories linking the creation of Adam by demiurges with the creation of an homunculus - a being who is soul-less until instructed in certain rites - has roots in Cabbalistic interpretations of the creation of Adam. The description of the wizard who 'uttered lawful syllables of a powerful name and slept' before achieving his dream is an allusion to Cabbalistic belief in the creative power brought by knowledge of the secret combination of God's name. J. Alazraki, in 'Borges and the Kabbalah', TriQuarterly, 1972, points to certain parallels between the act of creation in 'The Circular Ruins' and the Cabbalistic account of the creation of Adam where, by permutation of the numbers corresponding to the letters of Adam and YHWY (see Tetragrammaton), the creation of Adam is identified with that of God himself." (3)
Adam stvoritel, Karel Capek play written in collaboration with brother Josef, 1927
Elmer Rice play, 1923
capital of Ethiopia
English writer, 1672-1719
Diderot's follow-up to Pensees philosophiques. Book of aphorisms, 1770. Published anonymously.
Capital city of South Australia and the fifth-largest city in Australia.
University in Adelaide, Australia.
Bustos Domecq
Parodi: “'Vanitas, Los Adelantos del Progreso, La Patria Azul y Blanca, A Ella, Nocturnos': títulos de algunas composiciones de Bustos Domecq supuestamente publicadas en diarios de Rosario en 1907, cuando apenas tenía catorce años. El empleo del término ‘composiciones’, que en el ámbito escolar designa un escrito en que el alumno desarrolla un tema en general elegido por el maestro, insinúa que estas obras de Bustos son redacciones escolares, muy probablemente realizadas bajo la dirección de la señorita Badoglio” (16).
name given in Arabic histories to Alfonso XI of Castile
Jean-François Brierre play, 1955
title invented for a poem in an anthology by G. B. Harrison
tango song by Pelay, Canaro and Mores, 1945
Parodi: "un tango−canción estrenado en 1945, con música de Francisco Canaro y Mariano Mores, y letra de Ivo Pelay" (375).
tango song by Carlos Gardel
Parodi: "un tango-canción de 1917, con letra y música de Carlos Gardel (cf. “Enfoque” §2) y de José Razzano (“Amistad” §18)" (372).
Co-author with Michael Revon of Japanische Literatur. Geschichte und Auswahl von den Anfängen bis zur neusten Zeit (1926).
James Barrie play, 1903
character in Bustos Domecq story, also known as Arlequin de la Muerte
Jules Supervielle poetic narrative in L'Arche de Noé, 1938
Shelley elegy for Keats, 1821
Marino poem on Venus and Adonis, 1623
youth of great beauty in classical mythology, favorite of Aphrodite
E. R. Dodds translated by Borges in 1920
character in Adriana Buenos Aires by Macedonio Fernández
Macedonio Fernández novel, "última novela mala," written in 1922 but published posthumously in 1975
Publius Aelius Hadrianus, Roman emperor, 76-138
Adriatic Sea
Julien Green work, 1927
Town on outskirts of Buenos Aires.
Fishburn and Hughes: "A city in the southern outskirts of Buenos Aires (now part of Greater Buenos Aires The hotel in which Borges and his family spent vacations and of which he had nostalgic memories most probably refers to the now-demolished 'Las Delicias', where `Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius' was written. Triste-le-Roy also stands for this hotel (see Aleph 173 (268)). “. In Adrogué (1977), Borges wrote: 'En cualquier lugar del mundo en que me encuentre, cuando siento el olor de los eucaliptos, estoy en Adrogué' ('Wherever I may be in the world, when I sense the smell of eucalyptus I am in Adrogué')." (3)
founder of town of Adrogue outside of Buenos Aires
Parodi: “Adrogué es una ciudad del Gran Buenos Aires situada a 23 km al sur de la Capital, sobre la línea del Ferrocarril Roca. Fue fundada en 1873 y bautizada con el nombre de Esteban Adrogué (1815-1903) quien donó tierras para el tendido del ferrocarril y para algunos edificios públicos. Don Esteban era el propietario del Hotel La Delicia, del que los Borges fueron asiduos huéspedes. Como apunta Daniel Martino en Borges (“Índice”): 'Los Borges veraneaban allí a principios del siglo XX, en la quinta La Rosalinda (1907-1914) y en el Hotel La Delicia' (1599), que había sido la vivienda de la familia Adrogué hasta esa fecha en que se convirtió en un prestigioso lugar de veraneo” (400-401).
Bacon philosophical treatise, 1605
Ellery Queen, short story. published in the collection The New Adventures of Ellery Queen (1940)
Aventura del niño imaginativo, Walpole story in Head in Green Bronze
Ellery Queen, short story from The Adventures of Ellery Queen (1934).
Conan Doyle story about Sherlock Holmes, 1891
Conan Doyle story, here reduced to five Napoleons
Conan Doyle story
Lang essays, 1905
Ellery Queen, collection of short stories, 1934.
Conan Doyle, collection of short stories, 1892.
Juan de Panonia work refuting the idea of circular time
Sextus Empiricus philosophical work, a critique of various philosophical systems
Excerpt from the 1001 Nights.
magician mentioned in the Skaldskaparmal
in Greek mythology, Jason's father
West Saxon king, 894-939
Gaboriau detective novel, 1868
German dramatist, 1798-1857
Fischart translation of Rabelais, 1575
Afghanistan, country in Central Asia
continent
South Africa
H. F. Trew book about South Africa, 1938
Aphrodite, goddess of love in Greek mythology
Weatherhead, 1942
Yeats
Arthur Miller play, 1964
Agamemnon, Greek hero, general of Greek forces in Trojan war
Swiss geologist and paleontologist, 1807-1873
lines from Shakespeare's Antony and Cleopatra II.ii
probably a reference to Antonio Aita, q.v.
Parodi: "posible alusión al escritor y crítico literario Antonio Aíta (1891-1966). Fue presidente del pen Club Argentino y autor, entre otros títulos, de Algunos aspectos de la literatura argentina (1930), La literatura argentina contemporánea (1931). Borges lo menciona en la Postdata a “El Aleph” (OC I:626)" (168).
place in Poland where Hauptmann lived, now known as Jagniatków
Jacques Spitz science fiction novel, 1935
town in western Uruguay
character in Ariosto
Agrigentum, ancient port city in Sicily
Agrippina the younger, Roman noblewoman, sister of Caligula and mother of Nero, 16-59
German writer, soldier, physician and magician, 1486-1535, author of De Incertitudine et Vanitate Scientiarum et artium atque Excellentia Verbi Dei Declamatio.
Fishburn and Hughes: "Heinrich Cornelius Agrippa von Nettesheim (1486-1535), a German author of Latin texts on magic and the occult who fought against the condemnation of witchcraft. He was Professor at the University of Dôle and Pavia. Persecuted by the Inquisition, he was imprisoned for a time in Brussels. His writings, based on an explanation of the world in terms of Pythagoras' numerology and a Cabbalistic interpretation of the Hebrew alphabet, aim to demonstrate that God is best reached through magic." (4)
Silva Valdés book of poems, 1921
Runeberg poem
Gracian, 1648
street in Buenos Aires
Parodi: “una esquina frente al Mercado de Abasto (cf. “Doce” i §29) en la que, desde 1907, estuvo ubicado el célebre Café O’Rondeman, un bar de mala fama en el que se inició como cantor Carlos Gardel (cf. “Enfoque” §2). Fue demolido en 2006. La calle Humahuaca es también mencionada en “Limardo” i §11” (324).
eagle in Dante
character in Borges story
Quevedo polemical work against Góngora, 1631.
Fishburn and Hughes: "A short satirical work by Quevedo attacking linguistic preciosity. It consists of: a 'recipe' for writing 'Soledades' (a poem of extreme artificiality by Quevedo's rival, Luís de Góngora) in one day; a parody of a romance by another contemporary, Juan Pérez de Montalbán, describing the mouth of his beloved in the affected style of the period; and a poem on twilight, full of exaggerated metaphors and classical allusions. It concludes in self-parody by invoking 'God's mercy' on the 'Castilian language' and by wishing that the air polluted by so much arcane verse be cleared once and for all." (4)
Una vindicación del falso Basílides, Discusión, OC, 216. Historia de la eternidad, Historia de la eternidad, OC, 359, 367. La doctrina de los ciclos, Historia de la eternidad, OC, 388, 392. Los teólogos, El Aleph, OC, 550, 551. La creación y P. H. Gosse, Otras inquisiciones, OC, 651. El “Biathanatos,” Otras inquisiciones, OC, 701. Del culto de los libros, Otras inquisiciones, OC, 714. Nueva refutación del tiempo, Otras inquisiciones, OC, 764. El dragón en Occidente, El libro de los seres imaginarios, OCC, 622. La salamandra, El libro de los seres imaginarios, OCC, 689. La transmigración, Qué es el budismo, OCC, 744. La gesta de Beowulf, Literatura de la Inglaterra sajona, Literaturas germánicas medievales, OC, 873. La sepultura, Literatura de la Inglaterra sajona, Literaturas germánicas medievales, OCC, 897. El libro, BO, 14, Emanuel Swedenborg, BO, 49. El tiempo, BO, 85, 86, 88, 91, 97. El libro de las ruinas, CS, 162. Ejecución de tres palabras, I, 153. La memoria de Shakespeare, MS, 62. El último viaje de Ulises, NED, 114. La invención de Morel, P, 23. Del infierno y del cielo, OP, 429. Las últimas comedias de Shaw, PB, 144. La Divina Comedia, SN, 18. Las mil y una noches, SN, 58. El budismo, SN, 89, 96. El propósito de Zarathustra, TR2, 213.
St. Augustine, Aurelius Augustinus, bishop of Hippo and Church father, 356-430, author of De Civitate Dei, Confessiones and other works
Fishburn and Hughes: "One of the four Fathers of the Christian Church. In his youth Augustine abandoned the Christian faith, but he returned to it in 386. When he became bishop of Hippo he described his spiritual struggle in his Confessions. After his conversion he was fully engaged in church activities and religious controversies, denouncing the preachings of the various Christian sects which had sprung up before orthodoxy had been formalised. Dominant among these sects were the Manichaeans, who saw the world as the scene of a conflict between good and evil, and the Pelagians, who held that the sin of Adam did not affect the rest of humanity - a doctrine expounded by Augustine's pupil Coelestus, who was later tried and excommunicated. CF 202: According to Augustine all human nature is sinful and divine intervention is imperative. This view dominates his moral and theological treatises, his Letters, the commentaries on the Gospel, and his main work Civitas Dei ('City of God'), which elaborates the theory of human predestination: the principle that God has established a priori who will be damned and who saved." (18-19)
Writer mentioned in the Antología de la literatura fantástica and in Cuentos breves y extraordinarios as the author of the story "Los ojos culpables."
line from Poe ode to Helen of Troy, 1831.
Fishburn and Hughes: "A line from a romantic ode to Helen of Troy by Edgar Allan Poe first published in 1831. The poet describes his vision of an enchanted garden in which Helen appeared to him in the still, perfumed air, under the full moon of a July night. As he enters the garden, everything disappears and he and his beloved are left alone. Finally, Helen also fades, only her eyes remaining to guide him through life." (4)
character in Melville's Moby Dick
Fishburn and Hughes: "Captain Ahab, the central character in Herman Melville's novel Moby Dick (1851) who loses his leg in the vengeful pursuit of a white whale. The alludesion to an incident in chapter 36 that typifies Ahab's relentless quest: he nails an ounce of Spanish gold to the mast, with the words, 'Whosoever of ye raises me a white- headed whale with wrinkled brow and a crooked jaw, whosoever of ye raises me that white- headed whale, with three holes punctured in his starboard fluke, look ye, whosoever of ye raises me that same white whale, he shall have his gold ounce, my boys.' " (4)
Persian king mentioned several times in the Bible
prince in the Arabian Nights
Swinburne poem in Poems and Ballads, here misspelled "Awolibah"
character in Borges-Bioy filmscript
US poet and novelist, 1889-1973
See Eneas
Parodi: "Bonfanti reprueba que una exhibición de películas de Jannings no haya incluido la más importante: una adaptación al cine de la sátira de Butler Ainsi va toute chair cuyo título en castellano sería supuestamente De carne somos. La confusión que Bonfanti hace de autores, obras y títulos se explica porque la sátira de la época victoriana The Way of All Flesh, escrita por Samuel Butler (1835−1902) y publicada en 1903 lleva el mismo título que una película muda estrenada en 1928, The Way of All Flesh (presentada en el ámbito hispano con el título, El destino de la carne), la primera película filmada por Jannings en Hollywood, dirigida por Victor Fleming y basada en un guión escrito por el guionista y novelista norteamericano Perley Poore Sheehan (1875-1943). El libro de Butler fue traducido al francés en 1921 por Valery Larbaud con el título que menciona Bonfanti -Ainsi va toute chair-, en la edición española se tituló El destino de la carne. La relación entre la obra de Butler y la película se circunscribe entonces a la coincidencia de los títulos en inglés. Para Butler y su obra, cf. “Vestuario II” §2" (88).
editor of the poems of Christopher Smart with Edward Noyes, 1943
Aire y ángeles, John Donne poem
Henry Miller travel book about the United States, 1945
battlefields in northern France from 1914-1915
Argentine educator and writer, 1891-1966, president of the PEN club in Argentina and, in the words of the Enciclopedia de la literatura argentina, "entusiasta difusor de la cultura americana," called "Tony Agita" in one Bustos Domecq text.
Fishburn and Hughes: "An Argentine writer and critic, secretary of the Argentine PEN Club, who sought to disseminate interest in Latin American literaure. The reference to his winning of the First National Prize for literature is fictitious. He did, however, win a literary prize in Belgium." (5)
town in France on Lake Bourget, south of Geneva
Parodi: “el hotel donde, en 1924, suceden las acciones del cuento, está ubicado en Aix-les-Bains, una ciudad francesa del departamento de Saboya, próxima al lago Bourget, famosa por sus aguas termales de azufre y de alumbre indicadas para el tratamiento del reumatismo. El edificio termal, que Ubalde compara con la Estación Constitución (cf. infra §6), data de 1864. Desde el siglo xix, las termas de Aix-les-Bains fueron frecuentadas por altas personalidades de la política, las finanzas y la cultura, desde la reina Victoria a Henri Bergson y, en varias ocasiones, Bioy. El nombre completo del hotel real donde supuestamente se alojaba Ubalde es ‘Hotel Notre Dame des Eaux’ y fue construido en 1892” (344-45).
A'isha bint Muhammad ibn al-Ahmar, queen of Granada, Boabdil's mother, who according to legend tells him after his loss of Granada that if he had fought like a man he would not have had to flee like a woman
Mughal emperor of India, 1542-1605.
Fishburn and Hughes: "An Indian emperor of Mongol descent who expanded his territories and reorganised their administration. Though himself a Muslim, Akbar opened the civil service to Hindus and encouraged members of different religions to discuss their beliefs. He also patronised the arts." (5)
Aqibha ben Yoseph, rabbi who was a central contributor to the Mishnah, c. 50-135, here Akiba ben Yosef
town in Japan west of Osaka
mosque in Jerusalem
German expressionist magazine founded by Franz Pfemfert and was published between 1911 and 1932
Japanese short story writer and critic, , sometimes called Agutagawa, 1892-1927, author of a parody of the story of the forty-seven Ronins, A Day in the Life of Oishi Kuranosuke, 1917
Old name for Sittwe, the capital city of Rakhine State, Myanmar (Burma).
poem by Macedonio Fernández
beginning of Lugones poem "Alma venturosa"
Fishburn and Hughes: "The Arabic word for Andalusia, probably derived from al-Andlish, Arabic for 'the Vandals'. The name al-Andalus was used only for Spain's Muslim territory, which fluctuated according to the vicissitudes of the Reconquest. During the Middle Ages it applied to almost the whole of the Iberian peninsula, but the application was progressively confined to areas still under Arab control, so that eventually it referred only to the small principality of Granada, the last Arab stronghold in the peninsula." (5)
Allah, name of God in Islam.
Fishburn and Hughes:"Arabic al-ilah, meaning God: the Moslem appellation for 'The Only God'. There are ninetynine other names for God in Islam, but Allah is the foremost." (8)
poem by Pedro Miguel Obligado
state in United States
character in the Arabian Nights
story in the Arabian Nights
pseud. of Emile-Auguste Chartier, French philosopher and essayist, 1868-1951, author of Propos sur l'Esthetique, Propos de littérature, Histoire de mes pensées and other works
French theologian, poet and Latinist, c. 1128-1202.
Fishburn and Hughes: "A French theologian and poet, whose extensive learning won him the title Doctor Universalis. He combined mysticism with rationality. Assuming that the principles of faith were axiomatic, he sought to refute heterodoxy on rational grounds. In a discussion of metaphors of the Universe, Borges quotes Alanus' famous formula: 'God is an intelligible sphere, whose centre is everywhere and whose circumference is nowhere'. (6)
town in Egypt west of Alexandria
building in San Antonio, Texas, site of battle in 1836
John Wayne film, 1960
ranch in Borges story
Alaric I , Gothic king, c. 370-410
Lugones, section of El libro de los paisajes
state in United States
story from Eduardo González Lanuza´s Aquelarre
here, patroness of Torres Villarroel
capital of state of New York
anthology edited by Sonia Hambourgh and R. H. Boothroyd, 1937
Argentine political theorist, 1810-84, author of Bases para la organización política de la República Argentina
Forster story in The Life to Come, 1972
Friar Alberigo, d. c. 1307, Guelph Manfredi family member placed by Dante in the ninth circle of the Inferno
Italian-born Argentine philosopher, 1886-1960
town in northern France near Amiens.
Fishburn and Hughes: "A town in northern France: it played a significant role during WWI, particularly with regard to the battle of the Somme." (6)
auditorium in London
Francis Charles Augustus Albert Emmanuel, husband of Queen Victoria, prince consort of England, 1819-61
Sinologist, character in Borges story
author of Gli Eleati, 1939
character in Herrera's Hágase hizo, also known as Ruperto
Albertus Magnus of Cologne, German theologian, philosopher and scientist, c.1200-80
town in Spain
al-Biruni, Arabic writer, d. 1048, author of books on India, on comparative history and on astronomy and astrology
Saint Albinus of Angers, French abbot and bishop, c. 470-550
old name for the island of Great Britain
Buenos Aires thug
character in Gutiérrez
Zorrilla, 1866.
Collection of narrative fragments and poems by different authors, 1850.
magical mare in Islamic legend
Ksar el Kebir, city in northern Morocco where the Portuguese king Sebastião died in battle in 1578
Portuguese town near Setúbal
university city near Madrid
Zorrilla, 1844.
market in Toledo where Cervantes acquired the manuscript of Cide Hamete Benengeli
book of poems by Francisco Luis Bernárdez, 1925
Alcaeus of Messene, Greek poet of the second or third century BC, some of whose epigrams are preserved in the Greek Anthology
monastery in central Portugal founded in 1153, known for the tombs of Pedro the First and Inés de Castro
Portuguese nun, 1640-1723, known for her letters to a French officer, the Lettres portugaises, though these may have been written by Gabriel-Joseph de La Vergne as an epistolary fiction
poem by Ricardo Güiraldes
the sacred book of Islam, revealed by God to the Prophet Muhammad, also called Coran, Quran, Al Kitab, Koran
Argentine public official and writer, 1842-1902, author of Espinas de un amor, Tratado de derecho internacional, Instrucción secundaria and other works
Argentine writer, b. 1915 in Bayona, Spain, author of En la casa muerta, El hotel de la luna and other works
Alcuin or Albinus Flaccus, English scholar and ecclesiastic, 732-804, author of Versus de patribus, regibus et sanctis Eboracensis ecclesiae, De Fide Trinitatis and other works
Argentine caudillo and priest, 1785-1845, subject of a biography by Sarmiento
early Borges poem
book of poems by Baldomero Fernández Moreno, 1925
Aldebaran, the constellation
Fishburn and Hughes: "A name of Teutonic origin translated into Italian as Aldighiero (later Alighiero). Dante's great-great-grandfather, the warrior Cacciaguida, had married a woman from the Aldighieri family, as he explains to the poet in the Divine Comedy: 'My wife came from the vale of Po; / whence was derived the surname thou dost bear' (Paradiso, Canto XV, 137/8)." (6)
English writer, 1892-1962
Italian naturalist, 1522-1605
Francisco Luis Bernárdez poem
poem by Ildefonso Pereda Valdés
Peruvian novelist, 1909-67
Alexandria, port city in Egypt, founded by Alexander the Great.
Fishburn and Hughes: "The principal port of Egypt, founded by Alexander the Great in 332/1 BC. The Immortal : refers to the war of the Romans against Egypt whose capital Alexandria became. In 30 BC Octavian (later Augustus) overthrew the last of the Ptolemies. The city and the rest of the country fell under Roman rule, and many rebellions were put down. Three Versions of Judas: by the second century AD Alexandria had become a focus of Hellenistic and Jewish learning. Heretical doctrines, such as those of the Gnostics and of Origen spread within its walls. Averroës’ Search: the assertion that 'the only persons incapable of a sin are those who have already committed it and repented; to be free of an error.. .it is well to have professed it' is an allusion to Carpocrates' interpretation of the Gnostics' libertarian attitude to sinning as a positive obligation to perform every kind of immoral act in order to curb the power of nature. For Carpocrates sinning was part of a programme that had to be completed, making amoralism the means by which freedom could be attained and making sin the way to salvation." (7)
Franco Maria Ricci poem
Alexander of Aphrodisias, peripatetic philosopher, fl. 3rd century A. D., Greek commentator on Aristotle.
Fishburn and Hughes: "Regarded as one of the greatest Greek commentators on Aristotle, his work (in translation) was important for making Greek culture available to Averroes. Alexander of Aphrodisias did not write on The Poetics." (7)
Alexander III of Macedonia, the Great, conqueror of Persia, 356-323, sometimes called Alejandro Bicorne, Alejandro Magno, Iskandar
Fishburn and Hughes: "the son of Philip II of Macedon, from whom he inherited his military genius, and of Olympias, an Epirote princess, from whom he inherited his mysticism and impetuosity. His tutor was Aristotle. One of history's greatest generals, Alexander conquered most of the civilised world and was responsible for the hellenisation of the non-Greek world as far as India. Death and the Compass: It is difficult to trace with certainty the allusion to 'the crystal sphere which the Persians attributed to Alexander'. After his death, Alexander's fame was enhanced by a collection of fantastic medieval legends known as the Romance of Alexander. In one version, L'Histoire du noble et vaillant Alexandre Ie Grand (1569), there is the following passage: 'Having reached the ends of the earth and conquered all the nations, Alexander aspired to the dominion of the air. For this he obtained a magic glass cage [our italics] which enabled him to fly through the clouds and, with the help of an enchantress who knew the language of birds, achieved their submission.' But the allusion is probably to the universal mirror said to have been fashioned by Alexander (Iskander) in the Persian version of the legend. A Biography of Tadeo Isidoro Cruz (1829-1874): Throughout his life Alexander had a passion for Homer. According to Plutarch, on campaign he always slept with his sword and the Iliad under his pillow." (6-7)
Argentine writer
Alexander the First, Tsar of Russia, 1801-1825
Argentine lawyer and politician, 1842-1896, founder of what later became the Unión Cívica Radical.
Fishburn and Hughes: "An eminent political figure in Argentina, leader of the 1880s reform movement against the power and corruption of the ruling oligarchy, and founder of what was to become the Radical Party. The party was formed largely by the sons of immigrants and supported by the rising middle classes. Its aim was to achieve greater participation in government, which represented solely the interests of the landowning families. One of the main aims of the Radicals was to establish popular suffrage, free from government corruption. Alem was the political and intellectual mentor of the young Radicals." (6)
Spanish novelist, 1547-c. 1615, author of Guzmán de Alfarache
Germany.
Fishburn and Hughes: "The first letter of the Hebrew alphabet, with a numerical value of one. THe Aleph: though silent and used mainly to indicate vowel punctuation, the aleph in Cabbalistic belief is considered the foremost Hebrew letter, a symbol of all the other letters and thus, by extension, of the universe itself. One of the many interpretations of the Aleph is that its symmetrical shape symbolises the concept that everything in the lower world is a reflection of its archetypal form in the world above. In mathematics it indicates a higher power of infinity than integer numbers or numbers that are on a straight line. This allows for the concept of a plurality of alephs, or infinities." (6)
Borges story, and the book in which it was published, 1949
Aleppo, city in northwestern Syria, now Halab
Beatriz Viterbo's husband, character in Borges story
Danish king mentioned in the Widsith
Icelandic saga about Alexander the Great
Aleksandr Nevskii, Eisenstein film, 1938
Borges poem on the castaway who was the subject of Defoe's Robinson Crusoe
Ecuadorean translator of Whitman, 1910-1988
Lamprecht fantastic biography of Alexander the Great, c.1130
E. M. Forster guide to Alexandria, 1923
Abū Naṣr al-Fārābī, Islamic philosopher of Turkic origin, d. 950, author of The Opinions of the Citizens of the Virtuous City
Alpheus, largest river in the Peloponnesus in Greece
lawyer, character in Miller's View from the Bridge
Gomensoro
Alfonso X, king of Castile, 1221-1284, prolific writer known for his code of laws and his Galician poetry
Alfred the Great, English king, 849- 901
Algarve, region of southern Portugal
al-Ghazali, Persian philosopher, 1058-1111, author of the Tahafut-ul-Tahafut or Incoherence of the Philosophers, The Revivification of the Religious Sciences and other works.
port city in southern Spain near Gibraltar
town of southern Spain, mentioned in the Romancero
Moorish palace and fortress in Granada
character in the Arabian Nights
city and province in southeastern Spain
Lewis Carroll, 1865
James Barrie book, 1905
Alice, character in Carroll's Alice's Adventures in Wonderland and Through the Looking Glass
Argentine poet and journalist, b. 1943
town in Portugal, site of battle in 1385 in which the Portuguese defeated the Castilians
Wells, 1940
H. M. Tomlinson novel, 1937
Warren novel, 1943
Todos los hombres son enemigos, Aldington novel, 1933
Arthur Miller play, 1947
Soñé toda la noche, Henry Mond poem from Poems of Dawn and the Night, 1919, translated by Borges in 1920
Tomlinson, 1930
Milestone film, 1930, based on the novel Im Westen nichts Neues by Erich Maria Remarque
Warren novel, 1946
Shakespeare comedy, c.1602
character in Borges story "Abenjacean el Bojarí," whose name recalls that of character in Samuel Butler's The Way of All Flesh (1903).
Fishburn and Hughes: "The name recalls Rector Allaby, the money-conscious rector of Crampsford in Samuel Butler's posthumously published autobiographical novel The Way of All Flesh (1903)." (8)
city and district in Uttar Pradesh, India, on the Ganges.
Fishburn and Hughes: "One of the oldest towns in India, regarded as sacred by the Hindus. Today it is an important town in the state of Uttar Pradesh. There is no record of a Hindustan Review having been published there; perhaps the reference is to The Hindustani which was published in Urdu." (8)
Poe's adopted father
town in Pennsylvania, now part of Pittsburgh
Argentine writer, author of La telaraña de hierro and La vida de Sergio
character in Bustos Domecq stories, also known as Myriam Allen de Ford and Myriam Allen Du Bosc
Myriam Allen de Ford
1) "supuesta crítica literaria citada por Farrel du Bosc (mencionada también en “Teatro” §1)" (256).
Myriam Allen Du Bosc
2) “supuesta crítica literaria mencionada en “Paladión” §5 como ‘Myriam Allen de Ford’, estudiosa de las obras de Paladión y de Loomis; en la misma crónica su labor es citada por el crítico Farrel du Bosc. El cambio del segundo apellido de esta crítica podría explicarse porque, tras la lectura de La línea Paladión-Pound-Eliot, de Farrel, Myriam acabó casándose con él” (289).
American author (1889-1949).
minor figure in Borges-Bioy filmscript
Deussen universal history of philosophy, 2 vols., 1894-1917, including sections on the philosophy of India, the philosophy of the West from the Greeks to Schopenhauer, and the philosophy of the Bible
"A Common Confusion," Kafka short story
Eduardo Wilde
book by Enrique González Tuñón, 1927
Carriego title poem of a section of Las misas herejes, 1908
A poem by Marcelo del Mazo
anthology of tango lyrics, c.1924
Lugones poem in Las horas doradas
book by Rafael Alberto Arrieta
bar in Buenos Aires
knife-fighter in Borges story
Bonastre, 1920
Argentine poet, pseud. of Pedro Bonifacio Palacios, 1854-1917.
Fishburn and Hughes: "The pseudonym of Pedro Bonifacio Palacio, an Argentine author and journalist who became a cult figure. In his youth Borges admired Almafuerte and was moved by his messianic tone, saying that almost all Argentinians of his generation learned to appreciate the full aesthetic function of language through the 'suffering' and the 'extasis' of Almafuerte (Evaristo Carriego. 39). Though Almafuerte is now somewhat neglected, Borges listed him in his Prologue to the Anthology of Argentinian Poetry (1941) as one of the most important Argentinian poets. Borges also wrote a preface to the collection of Almafuerte's prose and poetry published in 1962, in which he summarised the book he would have liked to have written about Almafuerte, reaffirming his admiration for his 'stoicism and inexplicable poetic power'." (8)
Antonio Herrero book
Herrero, 1920
Arabic name for Ptolemy's Syntaxis, astronomical work
neighborhood in Buenos Aires where the Biblioteca Municipal Miguel Cané (where Borges worked for nine years as a librarian) is located.
Fishburn and Hughes: "A lower-middle-class district not far from the centre of Buenos Aires. Borges worked for nine years in the Biblioteca Miguel Cané in Almagro." (8)
neighborhood in Buenos Aires
Bristol Almanach, published since 1832, focused initially on patent medicines, issued eventually in several languages.
Parodi: "publicado anualmente desde 1831, el Almanaque pintoresco de Bristol fue creado por Cyrenius Bristol, un médico de Nueva Jersey que fabricaba y vendía medicamentos naturales. Una publicación muy popular, de enorme éxito de ventas y difusión continental, en la que, entre muchísimos otros datos, se incluían el momento propicio para siembras y cosechas, el santoral, frases célebres, chistes, fórmulas para evitar la caída del cabello, etc. y también podía encontrarse información sobre eclipses y la posición de los planetas, las fases de la luna, el estado del tiempo y las mareas, los números de la suerte y el horóscopo del año basado en los signos del Zodíaco" (34).
issued annually in the early decades of this century by the Argentine government
Parodi: 1) aparecido en 1901, fue una publicación anual, inicialmente de la editorial Sundt y, a partir de 1931, de la editorial Peuser (bajo el nombre de Almanaque Peuser del Mensajero, con el subtítulo de Anuario estadístico, agrario, ganadero, granjero e industrial) que continuó apareciendo hasta comenzada la segunda mitad del siglo xx. Desde principios del siglo xx y sobre todo durante el Centenario de la Revolución de Mayo, celebrado en 1910, los almanaques de diversa índole fueron un tipo de publicación de amplísima difusión especialmente entre el público porteño y muy estimada tanto por lectores cultos como por los precariamente alfabetizados. La publicación, que había empezado como un folleto de ochenta páginas, hacia 1910 pasaba las 300; era una obra de consulta diaria en el hogar y una guía con variadísima información sobre los principales acontecimientos mundiales del año, el calendario anual de siembra de todas las hortalizas y cereales, datos astronómicos, estadísticas de todos los censos, tarifas, medicina doméstica, calendario de vacunas, movimiento de buques, censos, deportes, recetas de cocina, consejos de jardinería, cuentos, poemas, biografías, manual de ganadería, avicultura, apicultura, moda, acontecimientos sociales y culturales, etc. Además, el Almanaque promovía y estimulaba la colaboración de los lectores, que eran invitados a enviar sus contribuciones (datos de su propia experiencia, comentarios, indicaciones o correcciones sobre lo publicado) para ser incluidas en números sucesivos. El Almanaque es mencionado también en “Amistad” §28.
2) “el Almanaque del Mensajero”: una publicación anual con informaciones misceláneas; cf. Modelo “Prólogo” §1.
Parodi: "publicación oficial del Ministerio de Agricultura y Ganadería de la Nación, editado por la Dirección de Propaganda y Publicaciones del Ministerio de Agricultura, un repertorio de casi 500 páginas con informaciones agropecuarias. Se publicó entre 1925 y 1955" (167).
knife-fighter in Borges story
Conrad's first novel, 1895
João Baptista da Silva Leitão de Almeida Garrett, Portuguese writer, 1799-1854
Portuguese nobleman and explorer, c. 1450-1510
Abu-t-Tayyib al-Mutanabbi, Arabic poet, 916-65
in Borges story, mysterious divine man.
Fishburn and Hughes: "Ibn Harun, the eighth Caliph of the Abbasid dynasty, who reigned from 833 to 842. The son of a Turkoman slave, he had a vast number of Turkish slaves himself, whom he used as soldiers and officers. Eventually they overthrew their Abbasid masters.
CF 87:In a footnote to the Thousand and One Nights (1885, vol. 9, 232) Sir Richard Burton writes that Al-Mu'tasim was 'the son of Al-Rashid by Ma'arid, a slave concubine of foreign origin. He was brave and of high spirit, but destitute of education; and his personal strength was such that he could break a man's elbow between his fingers. He imitated the apparatus of Persian kings; and he was called the "Octonary" because he was the eighth Abbasid; the eighth in descent from Abbas; the eighth son of Al-Rashid; he began his reign in A.H. 218; lived 48 years; was born under Scorpio (the eighth Zodiacal sign); was victorious in eight expeditions; slew eight important foes and left eight male and female children.'"(5)
12th century Arabic poet
Palma de Mallorca newspaper, 1887-1953
Lugones poem in Poemas solariegos
Mallorcan poet and journalist who participated in ultraísmo, son of Gabriel Alomar Villalonga
character in Shakespeare's Tempest
Uruguayan gauchesque poet, born in Spain, 1857-1924
Spanish critic and philologist, 1896-1952, worked at the University of Buenos Aires in the Instituto de Filologia
Spanish poet, critic and philologist, 1898-1990
Argentine artist, 1911-1983
Argentine sculptor, 1878-1955, sculptor of the Cristo Redentor de los Andes at the boundary between Chile and Argentina
Mahommed Ben Da'ud, second sultan of the dynasty of Seljuk, in Persia, 1029-1072; the honorific title Alp Arslan means "a valiant lion"
Alps
Ewers novel, 1913
hotel in Paris where Oscar Wilde died
street in Buenos Aires
Argentine politician, 1829-1877
Nietzsche philosophical work, 1883-1891
character in Borges story, identified with Roberto Arlt by Ricardo Piglia
cave in northern Spain near Santander, famous for its prehistoric cave paintings
Marquardt, 1938
Kafka story, "An old manuscript," about a nomad takeover, 1919
Wolfskehl and von der Leyen anthology, 1909
Meyer, 1910
Argentinian writer (1875-1955)
Icelandic place of assembly
Vries
perhaps the place of this name in the province of San Luis, Argentina
Parodi: “existe una población de este nombre en Colombia” (146).
character in Borges story
old name for Saxony
section of Snorri Sturluson's Snorra Edda translated by Borges and Kodama
Borges poem
Spanish conquistador in Mexico and Central America, 1486-1541.
Fishburn and Hughes: "One of the Spanish conquerors of the Indies who in 1519 joined Cortes's expedition to Mexico. From his red face and blond hair he was named by the Indians Tonatinh, 'the sun'. In 1520 he ordered the destruction of the temple of Tenochtitlán and a ruthless massacre. In Guatemala he was responsible for the burning of the capital in 1524, after which all the Quiché tribes submitted to the Spaniards. He also went to Peru, and died under a horse while marching to the aid of an expedition in the mountains of Nochiztlán." (9)
Spanish explorer and cartographer, 1494-1520
Argentine writer, author of Leonardo da Vinci, su vida y su obra, 1942
Argentine writer, 1858-1903, who used pseudonyms Fray Mocho and Fabio Carrizo; author of Un viaje al país de los matreros, Memorias de un vigilante, Vida de los ladrones celebres de Buenos Aires y sus maneras de robar and other works
Parodi: escritor y periodista argentino, autor de ensayos y cuentos (Galería de ladrones de la capital, 1887; Memorias de un vigilante, 1897; Viaje al país de los matreros, 1897; La vida de los ladrones célebres de Buenos Aires y sus maneras de robar, 1887; En el Mar Austral o La Australia Argentina, 1898). Dirigió la revista Caras y Caretas, memorable “semanario festivo, literario, artístico y de actualidades”, donde publicó, entre 1898 y 1903, bajo el pseudónimo de Fray Mocho, cuentos y crónicas costumbristas sobre la vida en Buenos Aires a fines del siglo xix, que brindan una excelente reconstrucción literaria del lenguaje popular y callejero de la ciudad. Según Borges y Bioy, el cuento de Seis problemas que mejor plasma en su tono una escritura “à la Fray Mocho” es “Limardo” (cf. Borges 699) (33).
Argentine historian, lawyer and judge, 1878-1954, author of Historia de la música argentina
avenue in Buenos Aires
Parodi: 1) "una aristocrática avenida que se extiende por menos de un kilómetro en los barrios de Recoleta y Retiro" (430).
2) “alusión a la sede de la Secretaría de Cultura de la Nación, ubicada desde 1960 en el Palacio Casey, construido hacia el año 1889 en la intersección de la Avenida Alvear y la calle Rodríguez Peña, en el barrio de Recoleta” (435).
chic hotel on the Avenida Alvear in Buenos Aires
Parodi: ”el Alvear Palace Hotel, el más suntuoso del Buenos Aires de entonces; un edificio inaugurado en 1932, inspirado en el estilo de los hoteles Ritz de París y de Londres, lujosamente amueblado y decorado, está ubicado en el barrio de Recoleta, en Ayacucho y Alvear” (217).
niece and lover of Marcelo T. de Alvear, b. 1902, sister of Elvira de Alvear
Argentine general and political figure, 1789-1853.
Fishburn and Hughes: "An Argentine public figure and military leader. Alvear was in charge of the criollo revolutionary forces who in 1814 defeated the Spanish in Montevideo, replacing Spanish colonial rule with porteño domination. He schemed unsuccessfully with several caudillos of the eastern provinces against the Unitarian government of Buenos Aires and was exiled to Uruguay. During the war with Brazil Alvear was recalled and placed at the head of the Republican army, in charge of some 5,500 soldiers and some of the greatest military leaders of Argentina, such as Paz, Lavalle and Olavarría. In 1827 he achieved a brilliant victory at Ituzaingó, defeating the Brazilian Imperial army and bringing the war to an end. He died in the USA where he was representing Rosas's government." (9)
Argentine poet and patron of the arts, 1907-1959, author of Reposo, 1934, and publisher of the periodical Imán, edited in Paris by Alejo Carpentier
Argentine politician, president from 1922 to 1928
the Lay of Allwise, early Icelandic poem about Thor, a maiden and a dwarf
the housekeeper, minor character in Don Quijote
Argentine historian, author of prologue to Lugones's posthumous book on Roca and of Vidas argentinas
Spanish or Portuguese chivalric novel, 1508
hero of one of the earliest and most influential chivalric novels
Brazilian novelist, 1912-2001
Mármol romantic and political novel, 1851
name of compadrito in the poem “El compadre”
Silvina Ocampo, poetry, 1972.
Yellow Sea or Huang Hai in China
character in Borges story
Fishburn and Hughes: "There are three references to characters with this surname: Eliseo Amaro, mentioned in Unworthy, and Juan Francisco, said to be a doctor living in Paysandú, in The Cult of the Phoenix and The Other Death." (9)
doctor in Paysandu, Uruguay
Carriego poem in Las misas herejes
Amazon river and surrounding region
courtesan in Buddhist legend
James novel, 1903
Spanish name for Antwerp, Belgium
St. Ambrose, bishop of Milan and Church father, 340-397, author of the Hexameron
Bloy, 1912
Argentine paleontologist, 1854-1911
Parodi: Florentino Ameghino (1854-1911) fue un paleontólogo argentino que en su obra La antigüedad del hombre en el Plata (1881) sostuvo la teoría de que el hombre y los mamíferos eran originarios de las pampas argentinas (Homo pampeanus), un hábitat donde habían convivido durante el Pleistoceno y de donde habían partido las migraciones que poblaron el planeta. Ameghino presentó su teoría en 1879, en París, en el primer Congreso Internacional de Americanistas, provocando una polémica con los especialistas que postulaban la teoría del poblamiento a través del estrecho de Bering. La frase “el gliptodonte de Ameghino” alude en este pasaje al hecho de que Ameghino fue quien descubrió el primer gliptodonte de la región, exhibido en el Museo de La Plata, e impulsó los estudios sobre este fósil. Por otra parte., en 1881 Ameghino abrió una librería en la calle Rivadavia 2300, a pocas cuadras de la Plaza Once (cf. “Limardo” i §11), a la que bautizó “El gliptodonte” (421).
Egyptian pharaoh, perhaps Amenenope
Akhenaton, Egyptian pharaoh and religious reformer, ruled 1370-50.
Fishburn and Hughes: "An Egyptian Pharaoh and religious reformer who introduced the monotheistic cult of Aton, the sun disc. Aton took the place of all other divinities. His worship was free of all moral codes and of the austerity demanded by former Egyptian cults. Amenophis's liberal reform of religious expression did not survive him long." (9)
the Americas, the New World
United States of America, sometimes Estados Unidos
Norteamérica, North America, often used to refer to the United States
South America
Spanish America
Latin America
Anthology of hispanoamerican poetry (1846).
Van Wyck Brooks study, 1915
Ferber novel, 1931
A yearbook of US literature, 1927, edited by Van Wyck Brooks, Lewis Mumford and others
Ellery Queen novel
Mencken study of English in the United States, 1921
magazine founded by H. L. Mencken in 1924
Emerson speech to Phi Beta Kappa, 1837
Sandburg collection of ballads and folk songs, 1927
Dreiser novel, 1925
James novel, 1877
Nashville newspaper published from 1848 to 1910.
Fishburn and Hughes: "A daily paper, first issued in 1848, known as the Nashville American. As it ceased publication in 1910, there would not have been a reporter researching for it in 1944." (10)
term referring to the continents of the New World
Der Verschollene, unfinished Kafka novel, written 1911-14, published posthumously by Max Brod (who gave it its title) in 1927
French term for America, in its various meanings
city in Massachusetts
Argentine writer or artist
Italian novelist and writer of travel books, 1846-1908, author of De los Apeninos a los Andes
Swiss philosopher and critic, 1821-81
cathedral city in France
tertulia associated with Azorín and Alfonso Reyes
Parodi: en este salón se habría realizado la primera exposición de la obra de Garay. La Galería van Riel fue la primera construida para exposiciones de arte en la Argentina. Fue creada por Frans van Riel (1879-1950), nacido en Roma, que llegó a Buenos Aires en 1906 para trabajar como escenógrafo teatral. Colaboró como dibujante en el diario La Prensa, abrió un salón de fotografía en Viamonte y Florida, pintó cuadros sobre temas históricos argentinos. En 1924 fundó la Galería van Riel en la calle Florida 659, lugar en que funcionó hasta 1980. Contaba con cuatro amplias salas de exposiciones y una sala teatral; llegó a ser un importante centro cultural al que concurrían asiduamente escritores, pintores y artistas plásticos. En ese local se instaló la Asociación Amigos del Arte (1924-1942), institución memorable por las exposiciones, las conferencias y los conciertos, y por las representaciones realizadas en la sala del teatro. El local de la calle Florida sigue siendo sede de la Asociación Argentina de Críticos de Arte. En 1980, los descendientes de Frans van Riel trasladaron su galería de arte a la calle Talcahuano (305).
novel by Ricardo Sáenz Hayes, 1927
British writer, 1922-95
name for Gautama Buddha meaning "Infinite Light"
Icelandic saga about Hamlet
Marcellinus Ammianus, Roman historian, c.325-c.391, author of Rerum Gestarum
Libyan serpent, according to Lucan
Egyptian god
god of love
Camilo Castelo Branco novel, 1862
Spanish-language compilation of Schopenhauer essays on love and women,
Uruguayan novelist and short-story writer, 1900-1960, married to Borges's cousin Esther Haedo.
Fishburn and Hughes: "An Uruguayan novelist related to Borges by marriage. He spent many years in Buenos Aires and formed part of the socially committed school of writers known as the Boedo Group. Borges considered his novel El Paisano Aguilar (1934) a closer description of gaucho life than Guïraldes's more famous Don Segundo Sombra. In 1934 Borges visited Amorim's home in Salto. See Sant'Anna." (10)
Lenormand play, 1926
Collection of short stories by Villiers de L'Isle-Adam, 1886.
mosque in Cairo, founded c. 642.
Fishburn and Hughes: "The oldest mosque in Cairo, and the first in Africa, founded in 641/2, immediately after the Muslim conquest of Egypt. Amr has been the subject of countless legends and superstitions." (10)
city in Punjab State in India, site of the Golden Temple of the Sikhs.
Fishburn and Hughes: "An Indian city founded in the sixteenth century, the capital of the Amritsar district in west Punjab and the religious centre of the Sikhs. The 'disturbances in a Muslim city' refer to the episode in 1919 when 379 of Gandhi's followers were killed and 1200 wounded by British troops in Amritsar." (10)
capital city of the Netherlands
French writer and translator, 1513-1593
poetry anthology edited by Johannes Becher, 1916
Work by American writer Thomas Bailey Aldrich (1836-1907) published in 1893.
Anacreon, Greek lyric poet, 560-478
Swinburne poem after Sappho
Nahuatl name for the Valley of Mexico
Luís de Sousa book of annals of the Portuguese king, 1628
Lappenberg, 1894
the Lun Yu, a collection of maxims and stories of Confucius
Tacitus's Annales on the history of the Roman empire to 66 A.D.
magazine edited by Borges from 1946 to 1948
Parodi: Anales de Buenos Aires fue una revista mensual de cultura publicada por una institución cultural del mismo nombre inspirada en el Journal de l'Université des Annales de París. De la revista aparecieron 23 números, editados entre enero de 1946 y diciembre de 1948; Borges la dirigió a partir del número 3. En esta revista, Borges publicó algunos de sus propios cuentos, ensayos y reseñas (“El Zahir”, “La casa de Asterión”, “Los teólogos”, “Sobre Oscar Wilde”, “El primer Wells”, “Nota sobre Walt Whitman”, “Nota sobre el Ulises en español”, “La paradoja de Apollinaire”, “Nota sobre Chesterton”, y otros). A partir del momento en que Borges asume la dirección, se publican en los Anales textos escritos en colaboración con Bioy y firmados con el pseudónimo de B. Lynch Davis (cf. infra §4). Los mismos textos habían aparecido en la revista Destiempo (cf. infra §8), entre 1936 y 1937, en la sección Museo, un espacio que reunía textos de autores variados −y también de Borges, pero atribuidos a otros autores−. Bustos Domecq afirma que, entre 1924 y 1929, Lambkin Formento publicó sus “notículas” en los Anales. Borges y Bioy aprovecharon el doble sentido de la palabra ‘anales’ −como sustantivo y como adjetivo− para ubicar los textos de Lambkin en las páginas ‘traseras’ de la revista. Sobre el número 3 de los Anales, cf. infra §4 (269-70).
magazine edited by Groussac, 1900-1915
Argentine periodical founded in the nineteenth century
Text by Eduardo Acevedo
Cattaneo
Russell philosophical work, 1921.
Fishburn and Hughes: "A book by Bertrand Russell examining the workings of the human mind as deduced from our experience of the physical world. The theory that 'the past has no reality other than its present memory' is posited in chapter 9 as part of a wider discussion of the relation between memory and knowledge. In order to illustrate the difference between past sensation and present image, Russell points out that a memory-belief happens in the present, and not in the past to which the belief is said to refer. Extending his argument, he proposes that there is no logical necessity that a memory-belief be based upon a real past event, or even 'that the past should have existed at all'. His exact words at page 159 are: 'There is no logical impossibility that the world sprang into being five minutes ago, exactly as it was, with a population that "remembered" a wholly unreal past.' This statement, however, is qualified on the next page, where he asserts that he did not intend his suggestion of the non-existence of the past as a serious hypothesis but was using its logical tenability as a help in the analysis of what occurs when we remember: 'Like all sceptical hypotheses, it is logically tenable but uninteresting.' (Lönnrot in ‘La muerte y la brújula’ says something similar of his rival’s explanation: ‘Posible, pero no interesante’)." (10)
Gomensoro poem
Buddha's cousin
Hindu manual of love
epithet applied to Mussolini
Mujica Láinez biography of Estanislao del Campo
character in Estanislao del Campo's Fausto
pseud. of Estanislao del Campo
Camilo Castelo Branco novel, 1854
Torres Villaroel, 1751
Burton medical treatise and centon, 1621.
Fishburn and Hughes: "A treatise by Robert Burton published in 1621. Its three parts deal with the definition, causes, symptoms and properties of melancholy; its cure; and the melancholy of love and of religion. Burton argues that, though people can escape melancholy by being companionable and active, it is congenital in the human condition. In spite of its medical tone, the work addresses itself to wider issues, including contemporary politics. The overall message seems to be an ironic statement of the ineffectualness of man. The book abounds in quotations from the bible, the classics and Church literature; on this point Borges has remarked that those works which like The Anatomy of Melancholy are not entirely the writer's own creation, but a patchwork of references to other texts, are, paradoxically, perhaps the most personal, since 'we are the past' (Obras completas en colaboración 977).
CF 74: the quotation which serves as epigraph stems from the chapter 'Exercises Rectified of Body and Mind', describing the various physical and mental activities which help to overcome melancholy. Of these, study is considered the most effective. Particularly recommended are the memorising of texts, the demonstration of geometrical propositions, and algebra, 'an excellent and pleasant discipline' which allows us to envisage the whole from the part, ex ungue leonem. The quotation in full reads: 'By this art you may contemplate the variation of the twenty-three letters, which may be so infinitely varied, that the words complicated and deduced thence will not be contained within the compass of the firmament; ten words may be varied 40,320 several ways.' " (11)
Donne elegy on Elizabeth Drury, also called "The First Anniversary," 1611
Machen, 1884
Greek philosopher, c.500-c.428
Bertrand Russell, 1935, here called The Genealogy of Fascism
Russell, 1935
street in Buenos Aires
Coleridge poem, 1798.
Fishburn and Hughes: "A narrative poem by Samuel Taylor Coleridge (1772-1834) which tells of a haunted ship pursued by disaster and death after a mariner kills an albatross. Borges showed considerable interest in Coleridge's creative process and wrote two essays on him (TL 240 and 369), claiming that the same creative vision can be evolved by different artists across the centuries." (11)
river in France that passes through Albert and flows into the Somme at Amiens.
Fishburn and Hughes: "A river in North Western France; it flows near Albert into the Somme. Site of the Battle of the Ancre (November 13-18, 1916), which was part of the Battle of the Somme." (11)
Work by English writer and caricaturist Max Beerbohm (1872-1956) first published in 1920.
verse from Marlowe's Tamburlaine
lines by Romeo in Romeo and Juliet (V.3.111-12)
region of southern Spain.
Maples Arce book of poems, 1922
British medievalist, author of The Literature of the Anglo-Saxons, 1949, and of The Legend of the Wandering Jew, 1965, as well as of studies of Old English grammar
US writer, 1876-1941, author of Winesburg, Ohio and other works
highest mountains in South America, sometimes called the Cordillera
street in Buenos Aires
Portuguese writer, author of Viajen na Hespanha, 1903
Portuguese poet, historian and priest, 1597-1657
Argentine romantic poet and journalist, 1841-82.
German poet and theologian, founder of Rosicrucianism, 1586-1654, supposed author of Allgemeine und General-Reformation der ganzen weiten Welt and Fama Fraternitatis, wrote under pseudonyms of Christian Rosencrutz, Menippus and Florentinus de Valentia.
Fishburn and Hughes: "CF 29: A German poet, satirist and theologian who was converted to the Lutheran Church and composed a number of interpretative and didactic works on religion, in Latin and German. Andreä wrote also under the pseudonyms Christian Rosencrutz, Menippus and Florentinus de Valentia. De Quincey (Collected Writings, vol. 13, 405-10) alleged that Andreä was the anonymous author of the basic books of Rosicrucianism. According to him Andreä conceived this secret society in an attempt to reform the German people, whom he considered corrupt and evil. He envisaged a body of noble and learned men acting under the direction of a 'most enlightened one', bent on redressing public morality. To attract proselytes, he emphasised that the society was the repository of oriental mysteries and that it had already lasted for two centuries - one reason why he did not claim authorship of the texts. There are strong parallels between the story of Rosicrucianism and the imaginary society of 'Tlönistas': both can be seen as creating 'hrönir', ideal objects which are gradually embodied and become accepted and absorbed into our material world." (11)
character in Gracián's El criticón
Italian literary critic, 1823-91, author of La Divina Commedia di Dante Aleghieri, and various studies of Italian popular poetry, dialects, etc.
Fishburn and Hughes: "An Italian lawyer, disbarred for his liberal views. He is best remembered for his commentaries on the Divine Comedy, first published in 1856, which were reprinted many times and used extensively as school texts." (12)
character in a poem in Don Quijote
author of New Numbers, 1935, on duodecimal arithmetic, as well as of works on corporate giving and philanthropy
Herodotus's name for the Egyptian sphinxes
George Bernard Shaw play
Andromache, Greek mythological figure
princess of Ethiopia in Greek mythology
Excerpt from The Note-books of Samuel Butler (1917).
Russian geologist and paleontologist, 1861-1924, here mentioned for his studies of hydrography
dwarf in Scandinavian myth, forced by Loki to make a magic ring
fish in Egyptian mythology
mythical two-headed serpent
site of a battle in 1841 between Mariano Acha and Aldao
guardian angel
Lugones novel, 1926
Meyrink novel, 1927
angels of various kinds
character in Ariosto and Boiardo poems, beloved of Orlando
Barahona de Soto's continuation of the Orlando furioso, 1586
tale from Francisco Espínola´s book Raza ciega
region of northern Germany on the Danish border
Machen story about guardian angels protecting British soldiers in the Battle of Mons
pseud. of Johannes Scheffler, German mystic poet, 1624-77, author of Cherubinischer Wandersmann, 1657
character in Bustos Domecq stories
Parodi: ficticio poeta, porteño igual que Montenegro. Su trayectoria poética −trazada por José Formento en Itinerario de Carlos Anglada (trayectoria de un lírico)− atraviesa varias etapas, desde el modernismo a la devoción por el futurismo de Marinetti. Sus supuestas obras: Las pagodas seniles; Yo soy los otros; Veo y meo; El carnet de un gaucho; Himnos para millonarios; Antifonario de los panes y los peces; Carillas del Buzo, impresas bajo los cuidados del Minotauro; Carne de salón; Espíritu de salón; Palabras a Pegaso; En el principio fue el coche pullman y cuatro números de la revista Cero. Habría publicado además una serie de artículos en L’Officiel y un “Llamado a las Juventudes Agrarias”. Combinó la creación literaria con la actividad editorial: Probeta, la supuesta editorial por él fundada, editó varias de sus obras y se vio envuelta en escándalos por estafa; una situación similar se esboza en “Vestuario I”, cuando Anglada aparece actuando como Presidente de la Comisión Pro Estatua de Bradford en la ex Rambla de Madera de Necochea. Es mencionado también en “Hijo” II (64-65).
alleged plagiarized American version of the Encyclopaedia Britannica, 1917, but see Alan White article in Variaciones Borges 15 (2003).
Fishburn and Hughes: "Many pirated and mutilated editions of the ninth and tenth editions of the Encyclopaedia Britannica were printed in America, but none has been found with the title 'Anglo-American Cyclopaedia' or published in New York in 1917, as stated by the narrator of 'Tlön...'. The 1902 edition of the Encyclopaedia Britannica, of which the 'Anglo-American Cyclopaedia' is said to be a facsimile, consists of 35 volumes. The story's alleged vol. 46 is obviously fictitious; yet this apparently fantastic occurrence seems to reflect, in part at least, the hazardous history of real encyclopaedias. In a text dated 16 October 1936 on L’Encyclopédie Française (Textos Cautivos), Borges mentions that ‘las hojas de esta Encyclopédie (como las de cierta Cyclopedia de Nueva York) se pueden desprender y reemplazar periódicamente, por otras nuevas, que los suscriptores recibirán’ (the pages of this Enciclopedia, like that of a certain Cyclopedia of New York, may, periodically, be romoved and be replaced by an updated version which will be sent to subscribers). The core of “Tlön, Uqbar, Orbis Tertius”, alleged to have been written in 1940, may be a gloss on this policy. In private conversation with the present writers, Borges maintained that he owned a copy of the untraceable 'cyclopaedia’: this may be an oblique reference to the Eleventh Edition, which he certainly owned." (12)
several verse beast-fables in the Exeter Book
various metrical charms in the Old English poetic corpus: against a dwarf, for delayed birth, for loss of cattle, for a swarm of bees, etc.
a chronicle of events in England from the beginning of the Christian era to the middle of the 12th century, including some notable poems
Gordon anthology in modern English prose, 1927
Sweet anthology, 1876 and later editions
95 riddles in the Exeter Book
Nikolai Gubsky autobiography, 1937
poem by Jacobo Sureda
Gering
Hannibal, Carthaginian general, 247-183
pseud. of Hilario Ascasubi
long poem published as a satirical magazine by Ascasubi, 1853-59
names given in the Zohar to the one of the monsters in Ezekiel's vision, the others being Haniel, Kafziel and Azriel
Hadrian's epitaph
place in allegorical poem by Farid ud-din Attar
supposed Arabic treatise on Al-Moqanna
Excerpt from Folk Tales of Bengal by Lal Behari Dey.
Irish king, see Olaf
Edgar Lee Masters poem translated by Borges
beloved of De Quincey
O'Neill play, 1921
Poe poem
Caesar Baronius history of Roman church to 1198, published 1588-1607
state in eastern India
Gaston Rageot novel, 1938
Italian friar and historian, c. 1432-1502, best known for his fabrications
poem by John Donne
Italian poet, novelist and playwright, pseud. of Gaetano Rapagnetta, 1863-1938
14th century commentator on Dante, sometimes identified as Graziolo de' Bambaglioli
author of the important poem "Epístola Moral a Fabio," now attributed to Andrés de Fernández
Fishburn and Hughes: "German for 'union': the term given by the Nazis to Germany's annexation of Austria in March 1938." (13)
character in Borges-Bioy filmscript
fictional character in Borges-Bioy filmscript
St. Anselm, Italian prelate, doctor of he Church, archbishop of Canterbury, c.1033-1109, author of the Monologion, the Proslogion and other writings
editor of Columbia Encyclopedia, 1935
Antarctica
islands off of the Antarctic Peninsula, claimed by Argentina
painting by Manuel Fernández Peña
place in Argentine countryside
Argentine cartoon magazine
Parodi: "supuesto columnista del diario Última Hora" (111).
river in the Luján delta area of El Tigre
anthology edited by Adolphe Thalasso, 1906
Sung-Nien Hsu anthology, 1933
Michel Revon anthology, 1910
Margouliès, 1948
Rudolf Steiner, 1924
H. G. Wells, 1901
in Christian eschatology, tyrant who will lead the forces of evil at the end of time
Anglada book of poems, 1935
Parodi: "el tema y la fecha de edición (1935) de esta supuesta obra de Anglada invitan a vincularla con la celebración en Buenos Aires del Congreso Eucarístico de 1934 y el fervor religioso que despertó" (66).
princess of Thebes in Greek myth and literature, main character in Sophocles play
Borges-Ingenieros, 1951, later revised by Borges and Vázquez as Literaturas germánicas medievales, 1966
the Hebrew Bible
Juan Alfonso Carrizo, 1926
Antilles
Antilocus, warrior in Trojan War
six-legged antilopes in Siberian myth
region of Colombia that includes Medellín
ancient Antioch in Asia Minor, now Antakia
Jules Supervielle poetic narrative in L'Arche de Noé, 1938
Gomensoro
Borges-Henríquez Ureña, 1937
Borges-Bioy-Ocampo, 1940.
Fishburn and Hughes: "A miscellany of stories on themes related to the supernatural published by Borges in 1940 jointly with Silvina Ocampo and A. Bioy Casares. It included work of G.K. Chesterton, Lewis Carroll, Edgar Allan Poe, James Joyce, Leon Bloy, Rabelais, Cocteau, Wu Ch'eng En and Chuan Tzu, and a story from the Thousand and One Nights. In Borges's own words, it is 'one of the books a second Noah should save from a second flood'." (7)
anthology by Julio Noé, 1926
Onís, 1934
perhaps a reference to Francisco Soto y Calvo's Antología de poetas griegos, 1929, though this was published after the 1927 note
Menéndez y Pelayo anthology in ten volumes, 1890-1906
Book compiled by Mario Falcao Espalger
anthology in which one of the six poets is Nierenstein Souza
Parodi: "supuesta antología poética en la que participa Nierenstein Souza"(267).
Greek Anthology, the Palatine Anthology of Greek epigrams, compiled c. 980 by a Byzantine scholar
Borges project of anthology of world poetry, mentioned in a letter to Sureda in 1923
Lugones poetry anthology with preface by Borges, 1982
Quevedo
anthology of Rubén Darío poetry with preface by Borges, 1990
Borges-Bioy-Ocampo, 1941
Oyuela work in 5 vols., 1919-1920
See Spoon River Anthology
Gómez Pereira work, 1554, studied by Menendez y Pelayo in Ciencia española
Wilkie Collins, 1850.
character in Anthony and Cleopatra
black slave belonging to Camões
character in Shakespeare's Tempest
Fishburn and Hughes: "A Brazilian religious dissident who in 1896/7 led a rebellion in Canudos in the north of the state of Bahía. The rebels were peasants, or cabôclos, who lived in Canudos in a system of communes, working out their own salvation. They rose against the changes introduced by the new Republican government, which they regarded as the Antichrist. Canudos was surrounded, and the siege ended with the death of all the rebels. Conselheiro's head was cut off and put on public display. The story is told by Euclides da Cunha in his novel Os Sertões (1902 trans. Revolt in the Backlands, 1947)." (14)
Julio Antonio Gomez, sculptor, 1889-1919, friend of Gomez de la Serna
St. Anthony of Egypt, first Christian monk, c. 250-c. 350
Shakespeare tragedy, c.1606-07
family in Thornton Wilder's The Skin of Our Teeth
character in Bustos Domecq story
the yearbook of La Razón, a Buenos Aires newspaper
Parodi: "una publicación en formato libro, de unas 400 páginas, que desde 1917 el diario La Razón regalaba anualmente a sus suscriptores y enviaba a otros periódicos del exterior; una suerte de enciclopedia actualizada de la Argentina, con datos sobre la geografía, la historia, la organización política del país, las estadísticas de producción de la industria, el comercio y la agricultura, la edición de diarios y revistas, la educación, el transporte, la salud, los espectáculos, etc.; con un tono de elevado optimismo se hacía propaganda a las perspectivas futuras del país y se exaltaba el orgullo nacional" (45).
Argentine Intellectual (1905-1978). Supported catholicism and nationalism.
Title of a tango
tango by Manuel Aroztegui
Uruguayan militar commander and "caudillo" (1814 -1882).
Fishburn and Hughes: "A member of the Uruguayan Blanco party who from 1870 to 1872 instituted a civil war against President Lorenzo Batlle because his party had been excluded from the government." (13)
Apelles, ancient painter, fl. 4th century BC
Sackville-West study
Islamic expression referring to Allah
Nagarjuna work on the stages of the Bodhisattva
Swedenborg, 1766.
pseud. of Guillaume de Kostrowitsky, French poet, 1880-1918
character from The Pilgrim’s Process
god of sun, music and song in Greek myth.
Fishburn and Hughes: "The Greek god of the arts, identified with the sun. His main shrine was at Delphi." (13)
these could refer to Apollodorus of Athens, Greek scholar, b. c. 180 B.C., or to Apollodorus of Alexandria, traditional author of the Bibliotheca, a study of Greek heroic mythology; the compilation in question was compiled several centuries after the life of both men.
Fishburn and Hughes: "An Athenian writer, author of a Chronicle of Greek history in iambic verse. Fragments survive of his study of Homer's Catalogue of ships and of texts on Greek grammar and etymology. He is also the supposed author of the Bibliotheca, a treatise on ancient mythology which may be an abridged version of his longer study On the Gods, now lost. The lines 'And the queen gave birth to a child who was called Asterion' comes from the Bibliotheca. A rough translation of the original Greek text would be: 'who gave birth to Asterion, called the Minotaur, who had a bull's head and a man's body.' " (13)
Tulio Herrera book, 1959
Sidney prose essay, c.1580
Apollonius of Rhodes, Alexandrian epic poet and grammarian, 222-181, author of the Argonautica
Apollonius of Tyana, Greek philosopher of the neo-Pythagorean school, c.5 B.C.-95 A.D.
Fishburn and Hughes: "A Greek term used in philosophy to denote a difficulty, or problem, literally an 'impasse'. See Eleatic paradoxes." (14)
Bustos Domecq
Parodi: "el título invita a conjeturar que esta obra de Bustos exaltaría y reivindicaría la participación de la provincia de Santa Fe en la historia argentina" (19).
reference to San Pablo, St. Paul
Fishburn and Hughes: "The apostle who is 'everything for everyone' is St Paul, who says (I Corinthians 9): 'Am I not an apostle? Am I not free?', and (I Corinthians 9:22): 'I am made all things to all men, that I might by all means save some.' " (14)
the term refers to twelve disciples of Jesus Christ and then more broadly to others of his early followers
Bradley philosophical work, 1893
Julien Green's first story, 1920
Julien Green's first story, 1920
novel by Mir Bahadur Ali, published in Bombay in 1932, famously reviewed by Borges in Historia de la eternidad
André Billy novel, 1937
Quain novel, 1936
Lucius Apuleius, Latin writer, rhetorician and philosopher, b. 125 A.D., author of the Metamorphoses or Golden Ass, Apologia, Florida, De Deo Socratis and other works
area in southern Italy
Formento, 1932
Parodi: "supuesta obra nativista de Formento, inspirada en El carnet de un gaucho (1931), de Anglada" (68).
English city of Bath, here the ancient Roman baths described in an Anglo-Saxon poem on ruins
book of stories by Eduardo González Lanuza
character in Homer
monster
river in Hades
city and region in Abruzzo, Italy
city in Italy destroyed by Attila in 452.
Fishburn and Hughes: "An ancient town in central Italy near the shores of the Adriatic, founded by the Romans in the second century BC. From its position it was a strategic base for expeditions to the north east of the Roman empire. In 12-10 BC, for example, during the wars against Pannonia, Augustus established himself for a time in Aquileia. In the third century it became an episcopal see; its bishops expounded The Three Chapters (a collection of writings on the divinity of Jesus). In 452 it was razed to the ground by Attila, king of the Huns. The presence of the Histrionic heresy in Aquileia, obviously apocryphal, could be an allusion to Pope Virgilius' condemnation of The Three Chapters in 548; they were later pronounced heretical at the Council of Constantinople in 553. Aquileia eventually broke with Rome, and its bishop Macedonius took the title Patriarch in defiance of Rome. It remained schismatic until the seventh century." (14)
epic of Achilles, Iliad
Achilles, hero in Greek myth and literature.
Fishburn and Hughes: "In the Iliad, the bravest and strongest of the Greek heroes who fought in the Trojan war. Achilles was the son of the sea nymph Thetis, one of the Nereids, and endowed with superhuman qualities." (3)
character in Bustos Domecq story
Parodi: "el nombre de la supuesta partera está construido a partir del apellido del arzobispo católico Octavio Nicolás Derisi (1907−2002) y del nombre del filósofo Tomás de Aquino (1225−1274). Octavio N. Derisi fue un renombrado especialista de la obra de Santo Tomás; fundó y dirigió la revista Sapientia; intervino en la creación de la Sociedad Tomista Argentina y de la Universidad Católica Argentina, de la que fue primer rector" (159).
Thomas Aquinas, Italian theologian and scholastic philosopher, 1225-74, author of the Summa Theologiae, the Summa Catholicae Fidei contra Gentiles and other works
Aquitaine, ancient province of France
Argentine literary scholar, 1917-1995
Arabian peninsula, now mostly in Saudi Arabia
Arabian Gulf
Fishburn and Hughes: "A reference to the Persian Gulf." (14)
region of northern Spain, formerly a separate kingdom
Parodi: “La colección Araluce”: Araluce fue una casa editorial fundada por Ramón de San Nicolás Araluce, nacido en Santander en 1865. A los 15 años se fugó de su casa y viajó a México, donde trabajó en una editorial en la que comenzó como aprendiz, ascendió a gerente y finalmente fue su propietario. En 1900 trasladó la editorial a Barcelona, donde continuó sus ediciones hasta 1941, el año de su muerte. La editorial dejó de funcionar a fines de los años cincuenta. La colección Araluce constaba de tres series de obras, todas de tipo enciclopédico, dirigidas al público infantil, en volúmenes ilustrados, abreviados y adaptados a los niños, con un lenguaje accesible. Una de las colecciones −Los Grandes Hechos de los Grandes Hombres− publicó 45 títulos; la serie Páginas Brillantes de la Historia contaba con 39 títulos; la de mayor éxito y difusión fue Obras Maestras al Alcance de los Niños que editó 93 obras de la literatura universal. (415)
English philologist and murderer, 1704-1759, subject of works by Thomas Hood and Bulwer Lytton
Argentine general and president, 1903-1970, kidnapped and killed by the Montoneros, here mentioned as the leader of the Revolución Libertadora of 1955
street in Buenos Aires.
Fishburn and Hughes: "A street in Buenos Aires, in the vicinity of the penitentiary of Las Heras. In the 1930s it was a street of small houses inhabited by the impoverished middle class." (15)
town in Uruguay north of Salto
Araucanian Indians, old name for Mapuches.
Fishburn and Hughes: Araucanian (Araucano) "An Indian people who originated in central Chile and spread to Argentina as far as the pampas of Buenos Aires province, where they merged with the existing Pampa Indians. The Araucanians, who still survive in Chile and Argentina, are mostly Mapuche, the brave people who fought against the Spanish invaders and whose leader, Lautaro, defeated Pedro de Valdavia in 1553. Persecution turned them against the colonists and their descendants, and they prevented the expansion of white colonisation. They were finally defeated in the 'Conquest of the Desert' (1879-80), when they were dispersed and their way of life was all but exterminated. In spite of the adulteration of modern life, the Araucanians retain their culture and traditional beliefs. Officially Catholic, they still worship their gods and the spirit of their ancestors, believing in power over death and the medicine of the shamans. Araucanian is one of the many native tongues spoken in Spanish America." (15)
town in Mesopotamia near Nineveh, now called Arbil, where Alexander the Great fought a battle
poem by Bartolomé Galíndez
Peyrou story
Peyrou’s collection of short-stories, 1961.
Tree of Knowledge in Garden of Eden, sometimes called the Árbol del Bien y del Mal
Tree of Enlightenment of Buddhist legend, sometimes called Árbol del Conocimiento
Excerpt from “The Trees of Pride” from the book The Man who Knwe Too Much by Chesterton.
Silva Valdés poem in Poemas nativos
unspoiled wilderness of ancient myth
society of poets founded by Cruz e Silva in 1756
Swedenborg book on the spiritual sense of Genesis and Exodus
archangel
Jules Supervielle poetic narrative in L'Arche de Noé, 1938
Wilkins mathematical treatise
Work by English writer and antiquary John Aubrey (1626-1697)
Argentine national archives, in Buenos Aires
Juan Ruiz, Spanish poet, 1283?-1350?
Uruguayan artist, 1913-2010
Canadian founder of cosmetics company, 1878-1966
Parodi: “‘traje de montar de Redfern, ponchillo de Patou, botas de Hermés, maquillaje pleinair de Elizabeth Arden’: marcas de ropa y de cosméticos, todas de lujo y alta moda” (72).
mother of William Shakespeare, c. 1537-1608
character from Relación de viajes por las tierras occidentales (also known as Monkey or Journey to the West)
one of the marvels in the legend of Prester John
Spanish sociologist, 1820-93
Parodi: "escritora gallega y precursora del feminismo en España. Sus obras están relacionadas con su tarea de Visitadora e Inspectora de Cárceles de Mujeres; sobre el tema penitenciario publicó libros de poesía y ensayo y gran cantidad de artículos periodísticos" (80).
street in Buenos Aires
Bolivian soldier and geographer, 1798-1862, an assistant to San Martin
river in Uruguay near which Dorrego was defeated by Artigas
city in southern Peru.
Fishburn and Hughes:"A city in southern Peru, the second largest in the country. In the Wars of Independence, in August 1822, General Sucre, in command of the army of Bolívar, arrived in Arequipa and marched to Puno. It was finally taken by Sucre's troops in January 1825, when the Spaniards surrendered Peru. Bolívar visited the city in May 1825." (15)
town in Argentina, in the province of Santa Fe
Greek god of war
city and province in Italy
priest in Saavedra, cock-fight enthusiast, character in Bustos Domecq story
Algiers, capital of Algeria, but sometimes used to refer to Algeria
Algeria
may be a reference to Bartolomé Leonardo de Argensola, 1562-1631, or to his brother, Lupercio Leonardo de Argensola, 1559-1613; the reference in the article on Banchs is to both brothers
character in Dante, 13th century Florentine, part of the Adimari family
country
newspaper in Parana, Entre Rios
hotel on the Plaza de Mayo where Hernández may have written much of the Martín Fierro of 1872
Apollonius of Rhodes epic on Jason and Medea
one of the immortals in Borges story.
monster in classical mythology with three or four eyes
city in the Peloponnesus in Greece
ship of Jason and the Argonauts
Fishburn and Hughes: "In the Odyssey, Odysseus' faithful dog, who is the first to recognise him on his return to Ithaca. CF 190: The passage describes how Odysseus had raised and trained the dog but never hunted with him before leaving for the Trojan war. Nineteen years later Argos is lying 'on the deep pile of dung' which is to be used for manure: 'Now, as he perceived that Odysseus had come close to him, / he wagged his tail, and laid back both his ears...' and died (Odyssey 17. 290- 327)." (15)
saint in Hinayana Buddhism
Icelandic historian, 1067-1148, author of the Islendigabok
mistake in Shakespeare for Ariadne
in Greek myth, Cretan princess who aided Theseus.
Fishburn and Hughes: "In Greek mythology the daughter of Minos, king of Crete, and Pasiphaë. Ariadne falls in love with Theseus, who has come to kill her half-brother, the Minotaur, and helps him escape from the labyrinth. She escapes from Crete with him but he abandons her on the island of Naxos, where she dies in childbirth." (15)
Ural mountains in Russia
Fishburn and Hughes: "A heresy founded and promulgated by Arms (280-369). It was based on the denial of the divinity of Jesus, who was claimed not to be consubstantial with God but merely a reflection of him. Story of the Warrior and the Captive Maiden: the Arians converted the Visigoths, the Lombards and the Vandals. The Theologians: several councils of the Church were held to counter Arian beliefs, such as the Council of Nicea in 325, which proclaimed the divinity of Jesus, and the Councils of Constantinople in 381 and 553. The last of these reaffirmed the Nicene creed and pronounced anathemas against the Arians. " (16)
John Henry Newman book, 1833
Argentine military officer who beat Mitre in a battle in 1874
Juan Pablo Arias, Argentine comic actor, 1900-67
Rodó essay dedicated to the youth of Latin America, 1900
Parodi: “José Enrique Rodó (1871−1917), escritor uruguayo, autor de Ariel, un ensayo publicado en 1900 y dirigido ‘a la juventud de América’. También es autor de Motivos de Proteo (1909), mencionado en Modelo v §25” (98).
sprite in Shakespeare's Tempest
angel in Hebrew Bible
one-eyed monsters mentioned by Herodotus and Pliny
subject of a poem by Egil Skallagrimsson
Italian poet, 1474-1533, author of the Orlando Furioso
Aristarchus of Samothrace, Greek critic and grammarian, c.220-143, author of lost commentaries on Homer, Hesiod, Pindar and many others
Greek general, c. 530-466
Aristophanes, Greek comic playwright, c.450-388
Aristotle, Greek philosopher, 384-22.
Fishburn and Hughes: "A Greek philosopher whose comprehensive system over a range of theoretical and practical questions from metaphysics, ethics and aesthetics to politics and biology has influenced Western science for more than two thousand years. Though not a philosopher whom Borges quotes extensively, Aristotle's awareness that no one system of thought can encompass the whole of being and serve for the deduction of all truths is an underlying theme in Borges. Aristotle, a pupil of Plato, found himself in disagreement with his master's idealism, according to which the observed world is only a reflection of the real world of ideas. Aristotle stressed the primacy of the particular or individual over the general. Thus in the Categories he distinguished between primary substances, such as particular men or horses, and secondary substances, such as the species or genera to which these particularities belonged. This polarity has characterised human thought through the centuries. Deutsches Requiem:When Borges, quoting an aphorism of Coleridge (TL 337), divides men into Aristotelians or Platonists, he refers to their contrasting world views. The difference between the Aristotelian concept of the particularising nature of reality and the Platonic concept of its abstract, generalising nature as manifested in language is humorously treated by Borges in Tunes the Memorious'. A link between the discussion of the mnemonic system in Aristotle's De Memoria and Borges's story is suggested by R. Sorabji (Aristotle on Memory, London 1972, ch. 2). Developing an argument used by Plato against himself (in his Parmenides), Aristotle further refutes the duality of the Platonic doctrine in his famous argument of the Third Man, who provides a necessary ideal for the combination of the First Man, the archetype, and any Second Man, its visible manifestation, and who in turn will necessitate a Fourth Man, and so on, postulating an infinite regress. This theme, much used by Borges, finds its prime example in 'The Circular Ruins'. The Other Death: the reference to Aristotle's denial that 'it is within God's power to make what once was into something that has never been' can be found in his Nicomachean Ethics (1139b) where he quotes the poet Agathon in support: 'For this alone is lacking even to God, / To make undone things that have once been done.' Averroës’ Search: Aristotle's thought was rekindled in Western Europe by the writings of his Arab commentator Averroes and, through Aquinas, became the dominant influence in medieval theology. See Politics, Rhetoric, Summa Theologiae." (16)
state in United States
perhaps Jacinto Ernesto Arizu, Argentine wine maker, b. 1910
Parodi: "‘Arizu’ es el nombre de una bodega que, desde 1901, se dedica a la producción de vinos en la provincia de Mendoza" (405).
character in the Bhagavadgita
state in United States
in the United States
municipality in Castile near Burgos
Harlequin, stock character in commedia dell' arte
Parodi: “Todo salió como una jugada del Gran Maestro ajedrecista Arlequín”: el enunciado es una variación de la expresión “una jugada maestra”, o sea, una obra excepcional en su clase. Bustos deforma el apellido del Gran Maestro Alexandre Alekhine. (1892-1946) ajedrecista ruso, conocido como el “doctor Alekhine”. En septiembre de 1927, Alekhine venció a José R. Capablanca (1888-1942) en Buenos Aires y se convirtió en campeón del mundo. El estallido de la segunda Guerra Mundial lo sorprendió en la Argentina durante un certamen; volvió a Europa y más tarde fue acusado de colaboración con el nazismo. (429)
Picasso's harlequin paintings
town in southern France
Argentine writer, 1900-1942, author of El juguete rabioso, Los siete locos and numerous other works
Collins novel, 1866
French region in the Gascogne
Parodi: "también conocido como ‘agua de vida’ es un brandi de la región de Armañac, al sudoeste de Francia" (349).
Cortázar, 1959.
ancient kingdom of Asia Minor, part of the Soviet Union, now an independent country.
Fishburn and Hughes: "A district south of the Caucasus and the Black Sea." (15-16)
Fishburn and Hughes: Armenio (Armenius) "A 9th century German tribal leader who inflicted a major defeat on Rome by destroying three legions led by Varus." (17)
character in Tasso's Gerusalemme
Arminius, 17 B.C.-21 A.D., German national hero who led attack on Roman legions in 9 A.D.
soldier who specializes in decapitating people, in Borges poem
Collected poems of Bartolomé Mitre
old name for Brittany
Shaw play, 1894
British painter, 1893-1973
count in the Romancero
French theologian and polemicist, 1612-94
character in Borges story
killer of Snorri Sturluson
German writer, 1781-1831
river in Florence
Arnobius the Elder, early Christian writer, fl. 300, author of Adversus Gentes
British poet, journalist and scholar, 1832-1904, author of The Light of Asia
English poet and critic, 1822-88
tango composer, 1892-1924, author of "El Marne" and dozens of other works
French intellectual, 1905-1983, author of Introduction à la philosophie de l'histoire
French historian, 1898-1975
name of star in Anglo-Saxon dialogue
the harpies of Greek mythology
Archimedes, Greek mathematician and inventor, c.287-12
Book of stories by Ema Risso Platero, 1948
series of paintings by Héctor Basaldúa, 1954
battlefield in northern France, 1917
town in the province of Buenos Aires.
Fishburn and Hughes: "A small town in the district of Bartolomé Mitre in Buenos Aires province." (17)
assassin of the Uruguayan president Idiarte Borda in 1896
maid and cousin of Avelino Arredondo
Mexican writer, 1918-2001
Argentine poet, essayist and literary historian, 1889-1968
Fingermann
Lewis novel, 1925
character in Sinclair Lewis novel
street in Buenos Aires
Parodi:“‘Arroyo’: una calle corta, de apenas cuatro cuadras, en la zona más residencial del barrio de Retiro; su recorrido termina cuando comienza la Avenida Alvear” (430)
old name for stream in the slaughterhouse district of Buenos Aires
stream that forms the boundary between the provinces of Santa Fe and Buenos Aires
stream in hot springs area of Santiago del Estero
river in the Lujan delta area of El Tigre
minor character in Bustos Domecq story
Parodi: “‘el almacenero Arruti’: supuesto vendedor de comestibles y artículos de primera necesidad; para ‘almacén’, cf. ‘Doce’ I §18” (342).
Hippocrates
theological work by Llull (Lulio)
Fishburn and Hughes: "A city of Upper Egypt, west of the Nile, of which extensive ruins remain." (17)
scientific work by Athanasius Kircher, 1646
name of two ancient towns in Egypt, also known as Crocodilópolis and Cleopatris
Berry
R. S. Lambert, 1937
Boileau treatise in verse
character in Dumas's Les trois mousquetaires
Parodi: "el mosquetero D’Artagnan, creado por Alejandro Dumas (1802-1870)" (187).
character in Borges-Bioy film synopsis
Artaxerxes, Persian king, reigned c. 465-424
Bessus, rival to power of Alexander the Great, called "the false Artaxerxes"
De Aragón, Enrique. 1423
Torres Villaroel
Emilio Villalba Welsh book, with Borges preface, 1964
Borges text in Historia de la eternidad, 1936
Borges essay in Discusión
Artemidorus of Ephesus, fl. 2nd century A.D., author of a treatise on the interpretation of dreams, Oneirocritica
street in Buenos Aires
name of star in Anglo-Saxon dialogue
Walter Starkie, 1937
Uruguayan political leader and general, 1764-1850, died in exile in Paraguay
Fishburn and Hughes: "A Uruguayan hero and military leader who fought against the Spaniards by offering his services to the Junta at Buenos Aires. Recruiting his troops from gauchos and outlaws, Artigas won a notable victory at Las Piedras in 1811. He championed the Federalists, who demanded greater autonomy for the Banda Oriental, against the Unitarians, who supported the centralised power of Buenos Aires. In the civil war against Buenos Aires which followed in 1815, Artigas defeated the porteño forces and drove them off Uruguayan soil. The result was an invasion by Brazil, and Artigas was eventually defeated. Fleeing to Paraguay, where he was briefly imprisoned, he was given a farm and a pensi on by President Francia and died there thirty years later. See Saavedra." (17)
Hendrik Willem van Loon, 1939
Russian novelist, 1878-1927, author of Sanine and other works, here Arzibashev
fireman in Bustos Domecq story
Parodi: “‘Arturo, el bombero’: alusión al ordenanza mencionado en supra §6” (325).
Arthur, legendary British king
goddess in the epic of Gilgamesh
river in France near Geneva
Parodi: "Giovanni Della Casa, arzobispo de Benevento (1503-1556), fue poeta, traductor de clásicos griegos, autor de Il Galateo, un tratado de buenas maneras; fundador del Índice de libros prohibidos por la Iglesia Católica; escribió además en su juventud poemas licenciosos: Sopra il forno, Del bacio, Sopra il nome suo, Del martello, Della stizza, In Laudem Sodomiae y otros, varios de los cuales están perdidos" (161).
Francis Iles, novel, 1939.
Faulkner novel, 1930
George Fitzmaurice film, 1932, based on a play by Pirandello and starring Greta Garbo
Shakespeare comedy, 1599-1600
US writer and journalist, 1889-1863, author of The Gangs of New York, 1927, and of various other true crime books
Daughter of Hilario Ascasubi
The father of Hilario Ascasubi
Argentine gauchesque poet, 1807-1875, author of Paulino Lucero, Aniceto el Gallo, Santos Vega o los mellizos de la Flor and other works
Parodi: “Aquí empieza su aflición. Hilario Ascasubi. La Refalosa”: el verso citado pertenece a un poema del poeta gauchesco, militar y diplomático Hilario Ascasubi (1807-1875); su título completo es “La Refalosa. Amenaza de un mazorquero y degollador de los sitiadores de Montevideo dirigida al gaucho Jacinto Cielo, gacetero y soldado de La Legión Argentina, defensora de aquella plaza”. Fue publicado en Montevideo en 1843 y más tarde incluido en la edición francesa de Paulino Lucero o los gauchos del Río de la Plata (1872), volumen en que Ascasubi reunió la colección completa de sus poemas. La estrofa de la que proviene la cita reza: “Unitario que agarramos / lo estiramos; /o paradito nomás, /por atrás, /lo amarran los compañeros / por supuesto, mazorqueros, /y ligao / con un maniador doblao, /ya queda codo con codo / y desnudito ante todo. / ¡Salvajón! /Aquí empieza su aflición.” El poema narra el tormento y degüello de un unitario en manos de un miembro de ‘La Mazorca’, el brazo armado de la Sociedad Popular Restauradora, creada en 1833 por el entonces gobernador de la provincia de Buenos Aires Juan Manuel de Rosas (1793-1877). Esta agrupación de leales adeptos a Rosas persiguió y eliminó opositores políticos con métodos que incluían la tortura y el degüello, popularmente llamado ‘la refalosa’. Entre otras obras, Ascasubi es también autor de Santos Vega o los mellizos de la Flor (1872); Aniceto el Gallo, o Gacetero Prosista y Gauchi-Poeta Argentino (1872). (352)
Essay on Tango by Jorge Luis Borges published in El idioma de los argentinos (1928)
poem by Wilhelm Klemm, from the book Traumschutt, 1920
book on medicine, sixth part of the hermetic work attributed to Hermes Trismegistus
poem from Julio Silva’s book Oriental
See Murder Considered As One of the Fine Arts
Der Morder Dimitri Karamasoff, Ozep film based on Dostoevsky novel, 1931
old Norse name for Troy
Egil's daughter in the Egils Saga
Miércoles de ceniza, Eliot poem, 1930
character in Borges story, friend of Jorge Guillermo Borges
Maugham book of linked stories, 1928
Stephen Albert's home in Borges story.
Fishburn and Hughes: "Said to be a village in Staffordshire. Although this is a common place name in other parts of Great Britain, it is fictional here, chosen possibly for its greyish associacion." (17-18)
Fishburn and Hughes: "The plural of the Hebrew 'Ashkenaz', meaning 'Germany': the term applied to the descendants of the Jews resident in medieval Germany and France, including Polish and Russian Jews. They are distinguished from Sephardim, the Jews of Spain and Portugal and their descendants." (18)
continent
Central Asia
Asia Minor
Fishburn and Hughes: "Usually mentioned in conjunction with somewhere else, as an casual alternative: e.g., ‘In Irak or in Asia Minor’" (17)
charity home founded in 1910 in Mar del Plata
Parodi: “asilo construido por las hermanas María de los Remedios Unzué de Alvear y Concepción Unzué de Casares en una de sus propiedades en Mar del Plata, para alojamiento y educación de niñas pobres huérfanas. Fue inaugurado en 1912 con el nombre de Hogar Saturnino E. Unzué y funcionó como establecimiento de beneficencia hasta 1997. En 1984, el edificio, la capilla y el Oratorio fueron declarados Monumento Histórico. Desde 2011, bajo el nombre de ‘Espacio Unzué’, es una institución destinada a actividades culturales para niños y adultos” (121).
Spanish scholar and Arabist, 1871-1944, author of Huellas del Islam and other works.
Fishburn and Hughes: "A Spanish Arabist largely responsible for the upsurge of Islamic studies in Spain in the 1930s." (18)
Assyria, ancient empire of western Asia
Assisi, town in Italy associated with the life of St. Francis
Nepalese mystic in Buddhist legend
Apuleius's Metamorphoses or The Golden Ass
monster mentioned in the Bundahish, a Zoroastrian encyclopedic work
Parodi: “‘la sede central de la A.A.A.’: la Asociación Aborigenista Argentina, agrupación nacionalista que impulsa un programa de argentinización del idioma y de las costumbres, además de la ampliación del léxico autóctono. La asociación cuenta con sede central y varias sucursales y publica un boletín mensual, El Malón; está presidida por el doctor Tonio Le Fanu; el doctor Ladislao Barreiro cumple las funciones de asesor legal y el doctor Kuno Fingerman se desempeña como tesorero” (176).
Indian emperor, convert to Buddhism, reigned 274-32
Forster series of lectures on the novel, 1927
James novel, 1888
Libyan serpent mentioned by Lucan
the Snake Man
Parodi: “Asplanato, el Hombre Culebra”: el nombre no parece corresponder a ningún personaje real; posiblemente se emplea el apellido italiano ‘Asplanato’ por su semejanza con el participio castellano ‘aplanado’, que alude al estado físico de Le Fanu después del masaje que recibió en el Hotel Alvear. El apellido Asplanato gozaba de renombre en Buenos Aires porque en el barrio de Monserrat, desde principios del siglo XX, existían un comercio de lencería y artículos para costura, tejidos y bordados, la “Maison Asplanato”, y una ‘Academia Asplanato de Artes Femeninas’, premiada en varias ocasiones en el país y en exposiciones internacionales. (217)
Heine poem
Attar, See Libro de cosas que se ignoran
Fishburn and Hughes: "A poem by the Persian mystical poet Farid Attar of which a recurring motif is the entanglement of the soul in the material world. The 'interpolated verse' is probably fictitious, since there is no reference to the Zahir in the index to the poem." (18)
Heinlein science fiction work, 1953.
city, now called Gorgan, and province of northern Iran
name given to the Minotaur in Ovid and Apollodorus.
Fishburn and Hughes: "As noted in Apollodorus' Biblioteca, Asterios ('starry' or 'starred') was the father of Minos. The Minotaur was also named Asterios. Asterion is the accusative case of Asterios. The neuter word asterion denoted an unknown plant, or a spider." (18)
Borges's first wife, to whom he was married from 1967 to 1970, b. 1910, sister-in-law of Néstor Ibarra
sister of Priam, character in the Iliad
character in Ariosto's Orlando Furioso
Spanish philologist, translator of Shakespeare's complete works, Aguilar, 1929
Bustos Domecq
Parodi: obra de Bustos que presentaría como novedades literarias la obra de tres escritores ya no tan ‘nuevos’ hacia 1940: dos españoles, José Augusto Trinidad Martínez Ruiz (1873−1967), más conocido por su pseudónimo de ‘Azorín’, y Gabriel Miró Ferrer (1879−1930), y el escritor italiano Massimo Bontempelli (1878−1960). Entre las obras que Bustos podía conocer de Azorín en la época en que se publicó Astros nuevos, se cuentan varias decenas de notas, críticas y folletos literarios, cuentos, ensayos y novelas, publicados entre 1893 y 1940. De la obra de Miró, muerto en 1930, Bustos pudo haber conocido la totalidad de sus novelas, estampas, cuentos y páginas de carácter autobiográfico. Massimo Bontempelli, uno de los iniciadores del surrealismo en Italia, fue autor de novelas, dramas, lírica y ensayos, publicados en su mayor parte entre 1908 y comienzos de los años cuarenta. Los dispares nombres que pone en relación el título de Bustos hacen pensar en una circunstancia que Bioy evoca más de una vez (cf. “Libros” 167; Borges 27): la tímida y confusa respuesta que, en su primera conversación con Borges, en 1931 o 32, da a la pregunta “¿a quién admira, en este siglo o en cualquier otro?”, a lo que el joven Bioy responde: “A Gabriel Miró, a Azorín, a James Joyce”. Bioy mismo se interroga “¿Qué hacer con una respuesta así?”, en la que se entremezclan autores de tendencias y estilos tan opuestos. En los encuentros reunidos en Borges, los amigos suelen disfrutar de la relectura de Azorín y también de Miró; Bioy reconoce que, hacia 1930, admiraba a Azorín (Borges 829); en otra ocasión, (1041), Borges reconoce que “son grandes escritores Miró, Azorín, Ortega”, pero no se priva de atribuir a Azorín un “estilo de pan rallado” (1169) o de juzgar que “en este país nadie escribió tan mal como Valle−Inclán o Miró (por lo menos, en los libros que hoy leímos)” (1348). De los tres ‘astros nuevos’, sólo Azorín vuelve a ser mencionado en la obra posterior de Bustos Domecq: cf. “Toros” i §2 y “Sangiácomo” iv §10.(19)
region of northern Spain
Capital and largest city of Paraguay
Assyrian king, 668-c. 627, creator of first library at Nineveh
Indian Buddhist writer
Flann O'Brien novel, 1939
En la puerta del día, Padraic Colum, 1924
desert in northern Chile
Inca emperor, c. 1502-33, treacherously killed by Pizarro
Arcadian Atalanta, huntress and warrior in Greek legend
Swinburne drama, 1865
character in a tale from Cuentos del Turquestán
Athanaric, Gothic king, d. 381, ruled 366-80
St. Athanasius, bishop of Alexandria, theologian, 293-373, author of important discourses against the Arians and of works on the deity and personality of the Holy Spirit
poem from Nydia Lamarque’s book Telarañas, 1925
Athens, capital of Greece
publisher and bookstore in Buenos Aires
one of the four sacred Vedic books of the Hindus.
ballad
Hun king, d. 453, ruled 433-53
Egyptian expert on Coptic studies, 1898-1988, author of The Crusades in the Later Middle Ages, 1938
Atlas, titan in Greek mythology, here applied to Whitman
Atlantic Ocean
Atlantis, mythical land
Hauptmann novel, 1912
Perthes publishing house in Gotha specialized in maps and atlases
mountain in north Africa
fictional character in Grettir Saga
the soul according to Vedanta
Atreus, mythological king who killed the children of his brother Thyestes and then served their flesh to Thyestes
the Irresistible, one of the three Fates of Greek mythology
Parodi: “'la tijera de Átropos': una de las tres Moiras de la mitología griega, la encargada de cortar con sus tijeras el hilo de la vida, que había sido hilado por su hermana Cloto y cuya longitud había sido calculada por la tercera hermana, Láquesis” (263).
city in northern Japan near Sapporo
god of vegetation, consort of Cybele in Phrygian mythology
English writer, antiquarian and biographer (1626-1697).
city in New Zealand
Anglo-American poet, playwright and essayist, 1907-73
May Sinclair novel, 1897
poem by Ernst Stadler, 1912, translated by Borges as El arranque
Instante, poem by Kurt Heynicke, from Gottes Geigen, 1922
Caesar Augustus, Roman emperor, 63 B.C.-14 A.D.
James Barrie novel in the Thrums series, 1888
Capdevila poem
British writer, 1877-1928, known for his short stories
theologian, character in Borges story
minor character in Bustos Domecq story
Schweitzer memoir of Africa, 1939
Lugones poem in Romancero
Decimus Magnus Ausonius, Roman poet and rhetorician, c.310-395, author of epigrams and other short poems, as well as works on history and education
English novelist, 1775-1817
town in Czechoslovakia, known in Czech as Slavkov, site of an important battlefield in 1805 between Napoleon and the Austrian-Russian alliance
capital of Texas
country
country
street in Buenos Aires
Hapsburg empire from 1867 to 1918, also called the "Imperios Centrales"
Excerpt from Sartor Resartus by Carlyle.
Place where Maupassant died, now part of the sixteenth arrondissement of Paris.
Gil Vicente play
Francisco Manuel de Mello play, composed in 1646 but only published posthumously
Camões play
Silvina Ocampo stories, 1948
De Quincey, 1834-1853
Yeats, published posthumously in 1955
Franklin fragmentary autobiography, begun in 1771
Gibbon's Memoirs, published posthumously in 1796
G. K. Chesterton, 1936
autobiography of Lord Alfred Douglas, 1929
Gertrude Stein, 1933
Gómez de la Serna autobiography, 1948
Fishburn and Hughes: "'Act of faith': a ceremony of the Spanish Inquisition in which heretics were burnt alive." (19)
region in south central France
Buddhist saint
Tobacco company
Parodi: "la fábrica de tabacos Avanti, elaboraba cigarros y ‘toscanos’, unos cigarros de hoja de tipo italiano (“Sangiácomo” i §11). Funcionó en Villa Urquiza desde 1902; el edificio fue demolido en 1969" (58).
Moore series, Ave, Salve, Vale: See Hail and Farewell
Swinburne poem
Catholic prayer
character in Bustos Domecq story
Parodi: “Avelino Alessandri, uno de los amigos de Ubalde que suelen reunirse en la Confitería del Molino (cf. infra §8), es el destinatario de diez cartas que Félix Ubalde envía desde Aix-les-Bains. Ubalde, conocido por sus amigos como 'el Indio' o 'el indio Ubalde', es el flamante cónsul argentino en esa pequeña localidad francesa. El apellido ‘Ubalde’ aparece también en la crónica 'Los ociosos' §4, vinculado con una fábrica de pistones”(345).
Borges story
industrial suburb of Buenos Aires
Parodi: "partido y ciudad de la provincia de Buenos Aires que colinda con la zona sur de la Capital. En la época en que se publicó Seis problemas, la ciudad de Avellaneda contaba ya con una densa población, en gran parte obreros de las fábricas y frigoríficos de la zona" (60).
Friend of Borges.
Argentine politician and journalist. President of Argentina from 1874 to 1880.
character in Conrad's Nostromo and in Borges story.
Fishburn and Hughes: "A character in Conrad's Nostromo, described as 'a statesman, a poet, a man of culture, and author of The History of Fifty Years of Misrule'. Conrad claims to have derived the history of the fictitious Costaguana from his own character Avellanos, a claim which would not have been lost on Borges.
Avellanos's text, as explained by Conrad in the Author's Note, was, of course, never published; the manuscript is seen later in the course of the novel 'flowing in the gutter, blown in the wind, trampled in the mud'. See Estado Occidental, Golfo Plácido, Higuerota, José Korzeniovski, Sulaco." (18-19)
character in Conrad's Nostromo and in Borges story, grandson of Dr. Avellanos
street in Buenos Aires
Parodi: 1) “Bernardo de Irigoyen y Avenida de Mayo”: una esquina céntrica de Buenos Aires. La calle Bernardo de Irigoyen es una de las que flanquean la Avenida 9 de Julio. La Avenida de Mayo se extiende desde el Congreso Nacional hasta la Plaza de Mayo. Inspirada en los amplios bulevares creados por el barón Haussmann en París, con edificios públicos y comerciales de estilo neoclásico y art-nouveau. Proyectada en 1882 e inaugurada en 1894 tras la demolición de antiguas construcciones, fue centro de las actividades culturales y punto de reunión de la colectividad española. (312)
2) “con chalet propio en la Avenida de Mayo”: las características urbanísticas y edilicias de esta avenida (cf. “Tafas” §2) excluyen la posibilidad de que allí haya un chalet. (387)
one of the seven hills of Rome.
Fishburn and Hughes: "The Aventine, one of the seven hills of Rome." (19)
goddess of adventure
tale from Montiel Ballestero’s book Montevideo y su cerro
Apollinaire phrase
Claudel, 1937
lake in Italy, an entrance to hell in Roman mythology and literature
Ibn Rushd, Spanish-Arabic philosopher and writer, 1126-1198, author of the Tahafut-ul-falasifa or Incoherence of the Incoherence, a reply to al- Ghazali's The Incoherence of the Philosophers
Fishburn and Hughes: "A celebrated Arab philosopher and physician born in Cordoba, known as 'The Commentator'. Averroes was one of the most important Islamic thinkers, renowned for his commentaries on Aristotle, which became the principal source of Greek thought for medieval Christian and Jewish theology. He also wrote a commentary on Plato's Republic. His most famous book is the Tahafut-ul-Tahafut ('Incoherence of Incoherence'Averroes held that one universal intelligence exists for all humanity, and that the individual soul, destined to die with the body, is capable of thought only through its temporary union with it. This notion ran counter to the Islamic idea of personal immortality, and Averroes was accused of unorthodoxy. The discussion of Averroes's preoccupation with metaphor may be linked to a famous statement attributed to the philosopher about 'twofold truth', viz. that propositions may be theologically true and philosophically false, or vice versa; what Averroes actually taught, however, was that religious imagery expressed a higher philosophical truth. Averroes was physician to the Emir Yacub Yusuf Almansur, at Marrakesh, where he enjoyed a privileged position. After being attacked and dismissed, he was recalled to Marrakesh, where he died. Much of what is said about him in 'Averroes' Search' stems from Renan's Averroès et l'Averroïsme." (19)
Renan doctoral thesis, published in 1852
Maeterlinck, 1890
Salomon ben Gabirol, Spanish-Jewish philosopher, c.1020-c.1058
Ibn Sina, Persian philosopher and physician, 980-1037, author of the Book of Healing and The Canon
city in Provence in southern France
city in Castile
Zúñiga el Molinero
Parodi: "Magallón es una pequeña población de Aragón, próxima a Zaragoza" (440).
river in England that flows through Stratford-on-Avon
place in Japan
river whose delta marks one of the borders of Uqbar
fabulous animal of North America
Play by Villiers de l'Isle Adam publsihed posthumously, 1890.
Fishburn and Hughes: "A 'temple of the axes' seems not to have existed in Crete, but a temple was uncovered at Haghia Triadha in southern Crete containing carvings of axes on the pedestals. A sarcophagus found in the same area shows two scenes in which an axe is worshipped. In Greek labrys, a word of Lydian origin, meant a double-edged axe, often related to the figure of an ox, from which the word labyrinth is thought to derive." (20)
city and former capital of Ethiopia
city in Peru, site of decisive battle of wars of independence in 1824, formerly called Huamanga.
Fishburn and Hughes: "A decisive battle fought on 9 December 1824 in the Peruvian Sierra, half-way between Lima and Cuzco, in which the Peruvian forces led by José Sucre defeated the royalist army of Spain. This victory finally established the independence of Peru after three centuries of Spanish colonial rule." (20)
street in Buenos Aires
Parodi: "La calle Ayacucho es la primera paralela a Riobamba hacia el oeste de la ciudad" (410).
town in the province of Buenos Aires
Spanish novelist who lived in Buenos Aires in the 1940s, 1906-2009
Portuguese writer, author of Goa antiga y moderna, 1927, and Os Ideaes de O. Martins
Aias or Ajax, king of Salamis and hero in the Iliad and later works
County town of Buckinghamshire, England.
imaginary city in the Nibelungenlied
Inuit child in Paul Emile Victor book
Spanish philosopher and politician, 1800-1886
street in Buenos Aires
character in Borges story
character in Borges story
Borges's maternal grandfather, d. 1905
Argentine writer, author of Floresta de leyendas rioplatenses
pseud. of José Martínez Ruiz, Spanish writer, 1873-1967
Bila Nemoc, Capek play, 1937
sea of Azov between the Ukraine and Russia
name given in Zohar to one of the monsters in Ezekiel's dream
Darío book of poems and stories, 1888 and 1890
city in the province of Buenos Aires